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The Housemartins

The Housemartins

The Housemartins were a British indie rock band that was active in the 1980s. The band was formed in 1983 by Paul Heaton on vocals, Stan Cullimore on guitar, Ted Key on bass and Chris Lang on drums. The bands membership changed quite a lot over the years. on bass Ted Key was replaced by Norman Cook - the future Fatboy Slim. And drummer Chris Lang was replaced by Hugh Whittaker who in turn was replaced with Dave Hemingway. After the bands split Paul, Dave and roadie Sean Welch went off to form The Beautiful South The band often referred to themselves as "the 4th best band in Hull," referring to the city in England where the band formed in 1983. (The three bands that were "better" were Red Guitars, Everything But The Girl, and The Gargoyles.) In 1986, the band broke through with the innovative Happy Hour, which reached No.3 in the UK charts helped by a claymation animated pop promo of a type that was in vogue at the time. At the end of the same year, they had a No.1 single with a cover version of Isley Jasper Isley's Caravan of Love. They released three albums: London 0 Hull 4, The People Who Grinned Themselves to Death, and the greatest hits Now That's What I Call Quite Good. The Housemartins lyrics were an odd mixture of Marxist politics and born-again Christianity - reflecting Paul Heaton's beliefs at the time. The band split in 1988 and the members have since remained friends and worked on each other's projects. Despite repeated requests from fans, they have never reformed. In 1993, former drummer Hugh Whittaker was convicted of assault after attacking his business partner James Hewitt with an axe. Whittaker has since been released from prison and now resides in Leeds.

Discography

Albums

- London 0 Hull 4 (June 1986, UK #3)
- The People Who Grinned Themselves to Death (Sep 1987, UK #9)

Singles

- Flag Day / Stand At Ease (Oct 1985)
- Sheep / Drop Down Dead (Mar 1986, UK #54)
- Happy Hour / The Mighty Ship (May 1986, UK #3)
- Think For a Minute / Who Needs the Limelight (Sep 1986, UK #18)
- Caravan of Love / When I First Met Jesus (Nov 1986, UK #1)
- Flag Day / The Mighty Ship (Feb 1987, US issue)
- Five Get Over Excited / Rebel Without the Airplay (May 1987, UK #11)
- Me and the Farmer / I Bit My Lip (Aug 1987, UK #15)
- Build / Paris in Flares (Nov 1987, UK #15)
- There Is Always Something There To Remind Me / Get Up Off Your Knees (live) (Apr 1988, UK #35)

Compilations

- The Housemartins Christmas Box Set (Nov 1986, UK #84)
- Now That's What I Call Quite Good (Apr 1988, UK #8)
- The Best of the Housemartins (Mar 2004)

External links

- [http://thehousemartins.com/ Fan site]
- [http://www.paulheaton.com/ Paul Heaton's official webpage] Housemartins, The Housemartins, The

Britain

:This article deals with the history of the word Britain. For clarification of terminology and an overview of articles about Britain and Ireland see British Isles (terminology). The word Britain is an informal term used to refer to
- the island of Great Britain which consists of the nations of England, Scotland and Wales.
- the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland or UK,
- sometimes the Roman province called "Britain" or "Britannia" The word British generally means belonging to or associated with Britain in one of the first two senses above (i.e. the United Kingdom or the island of Great Britain). However, the term has a range of related usages, as described in this article. Etymologically, these words are closely related to Brittany, the name of the western French peninsula, and its adjective Breton.

Earliest attested references

- Pretaniké; Pretanikai nesoi (Pretanic isles) - 325 BC
- Britannia - 55 BC (Julius Caesar, Roman invasion of Britain)
- Breten - 855 (Old English Chronicle, introduction)
- Brittisc - 855 (OED)
- Grate Briteigne - 1548 (OED)
- British isles - 1550 (in Latin; map of Sebastian Munster cited in British Isles article)

Etymology

The etymology of the name Britain is thought to derive from a Celtic word, Pritani, "painted people/men", a reference to the inhabitants of the islands' use of body-paint and tattoos. If this is true, there is an interesting parallel with the name Pict, connected with a Latin word of the same meaning. The modern Welsh name for Britain is Prydain. The Q-Celtic form was Cruithin, showing that the Common Celtic singular form was qr[ui]tanos. The root is presumably that of the modern Gaelic/Irish word cruth 'shape, form'. It has also been postulated that Britain may derive from the Celtic goddess Brigid; the form of the word, however, is against this postulation. In 325 BC the Greek explorer Pytheas of Massalia visited a group of islands which he called Pretaniké, the principal ones being Albionon (Albion) and Ierne (Erin). The records of this visit date from much more recent times, so there is room for these details to be disputed, but it does seem to attest pre-Roman use of the name by Celtic-speaking inhabitants of the islands - or the names used by the Phoenecians Pytheas went with. The Roman geographer Ptolemy called the larger island Megale Brettania (Great Britain), and the smaller island Micra Bretannia (Little Britain).

Britain and Brittany

The original reference seems to have been to the territory in which the Brythonic languages were spoken, which more or less coincided with the Roman province of Britannia, an area equivalent to modern England, Wales and southern Scotland. In the Early Middle Ages speakers of a Brythonic language which later evolved into Breton migrated from Cornwall to Armorica, Western France, possibly because of pressure from Saxon invasions. This is why different forms of the same name apply to insular Britain and continental Brittany. In French the similarity is even more obvious: Bretagne and Grande Bretagne. Geoffrey of Monmouth used the names Britannia minor to refer to the Armorican region and Britannia major for the island. The element great in the term Great Britain thus simply means large, to make the distinction from Brittany.

Historical evolution of the term Britain

The kingdoms established on the island of Great Britain were perceived to be dominant over the whole archipelago, which thus came to be known as the British Isles. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England, the queen's astrologer and alchemist, John Dee, wrote mystical volumes predicting a British Empire and using the terms Great Britain and Britannia. After Elizabeth's death in 1603 the kingdoms shared one King, James VI of Scotland and I of England. On 20 October 1604 he proclaimed himself "King of Great Brittaine" (thus including Wales and also avoiding the cumbersome title "King of England and Scotland"). This title was eventually adopted formally in 1707 when the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed. Politically, then, British has been used to described someone or something from the United Kingdom, in its various forms, since 1707. Briton or Brit are also used colloquially in this form, though the use of Briton here is incorrect. Since its formation, the kingdom was enlarged in 1801 by the addition of the island of Ireland - already ruled by the British monarchy - to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and was then reduced in 1922 by the independence of the Irish Free State, now the Republic of Ireland. The name of the kingdom changed accordingly, in 1927 becoming The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. British was also used to describe members of nations that formed part of the British Empire. This use now, however, could be seen as justifying the colonial era, even if only applied historically.

Modern use of the term 'British'

The modern use of the term 'British' is as an adjective to describe someone or something from the United Kingdom. It is officially used as the term to describe the nationality of a citizen of the United Kingdom. Irish Nationalists may reject this term as offensive, as it is used to describe Irish people in Northern Ireland. Many people from England, Scotland and Wales also dislike the term, preferring to define themselves as natives of their own particular country. It is also frequently used to describe residents of the United Kingdom's current colonies. This may still offend some people, though since the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 all residents of the United Kingdom's remaining colonies have been eligible for British citizenship, making the term more apt. British occurs in the legal term British Islands . This was coined to describe all of the islands of the British Isles, exlcuding those that form part of the Republic of Ireland, when they act together as a political whole. Geographically, the term can be used in various ways:
- To describe someone from the island of Great Britain
- In the term British Isles, the traditional term for the entire archipelago of islands that lie off the north west coast of France, of which Great Britain and Ireland are the two biggest. Note that this is not intended to imply that all of these islands are part of the United Kingdom, for many of them are part of the Republic of Ireland. However, confusion caused by this term can lead to offense.
- The term has historically been used to describe someone or something from the British Isles. Due to the above mentioned potential for offense, this rarely happens today. For example the British Lions a rugby team which draws players from the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland has been renamed to the British and Irish Lions.
- Sometimes British applies to an area or territory currently or formerly governed by or a dependent territory of the United Kingdom, for example the British Virgin Islands, the British Indian Ocean Territory, or British Columbia which is now a province of Canada.

Brutus of Troy

In keeping with the mediaeval penchant for etymologising country names in terms of eponomous heroes, English historians of the late mediaeval and early modern periods charted the history of the nation from Brutus of Troy, supposedly a hero of the Trojan war who founded Britain just as Aeneaus' descendant Romulus founded Rome, Frankus France, and so forth. The life of Brutus, anglicised as Brute, was recorded in the literary tradition of the Prose Brute. This was long accepted as the etymology of Britain.

Sources and further reading

- A History of Britain: At the Edge of the World, 3000 BC - 1603 AD by Simon Schama, BBC/Miramax, 2000 ISBN 0786866756
- A History of Britain, Volume 2: The Wars of the British 1603-1776 by Simon Schama, BBC/Miramax, 2001 ISBN 0786866756
- A History of Britain - The Complete Collection on DVD by Simon Schama, BBC 2002
- The Isles, A History by Norman Davies, Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 0195134427
- Shortened History of England by G. M. Trevelyan Penguin Books ISBN 0140233237
- Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English by Eric Partridge, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1966

External links

- [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/ British History Online] Category:British Isles Category:History of Britain Category:Europe simple:Britain

Indie rock

Indie rock is rock music that falls within the indie music description. The term is sometimes used interchangeably with indie music as a whole, though more specifically implies that the music meets the criteria of being rock, as opposed to indie pop or other possible matchups. These criteria vary from an emphasis on rock instrumentation (electric guitars, bass guitar and live drums) to more abstract (and debatable) rockist constructions of authenticity. The music commonly regarded as indie rock is descended from what was known as alternative rock during the 1980s; this name refers to the fact that it was an alternative to mainstream rock. Alternative bands of the time, in turn, were influenced by the punk rock, post-punk, and New Wave movements of the 1970s and early 1980s. During the first half of the 1990s alternative music, led by grunge bands such as Nirvana and Pearl Jam, broke into the mainstream and achieved commercial chart success. Shortly thereafter, the alternative genre became commercialised, as mainstream success attracted major-label investment and commercially-oriented or manufactured acts with a formulaic, conservative approach. With this, the meaning of the label "alternative" changed away from its original, more countercultural meaning, and the term "indie rock" fell into greater use. "Indie rock" is shorthand for "independent rock," which stems from the general rule that most of its artists are signed to independent record labels, rather than major record labels. It is not strictly a genre of music (given that musical style and independence are not always correlated), but is often used as an umbrella term covering a wide range of artists and styles, connected by some degree of allegiance to the values of underground culture, and (usually) describable as rock and roll. Genres or subgenres often associated with indie rock include lo-fi, post-rock, shoegazer, garage punk, emo, slowcore, c86, twee pop, and math rock, to list but a few; other related (and sometimes overlapping) categories include alternative rock and indie pop. Typically, indie artists place a premium on maintaining complete control of their music and careers, often releasing albums on their own independent record labels and relying on touring, word-of-mouth, and airplay on independent or college radio stations for promotion. Some of its more popular artists, however, may end up signing to major labels, though often on favourable terms won by their prior independent success.

Indie: status or genre?

In the UK, indie music charts have been compiled since at least the 1980s. These charts initially featured independent bands that emerged from punk and post-punk, as well as indie pop artists such as Aztec Camera and Orange Juice, the C86 jangle-pop movement and the twee pop of Sarah Records artists. The bands were distinguished by having their records released by small labels, independently of the major record companies. The 1980s indie scene directly influenced 1990s Britpop artists such as Blur and Suede (though many of these were technically not wholly "indepedent" artists, being signed to major labels). More recently, the term "indie rock" has become so incredibly broad that almost anything from post-punk to alt-country to synth-pop to afrobeat to ambient to noise pop to IDM to psychedelic folk to hundreds of other genres can fall under its umbrella. In fact, there are likely to be several popular, and wildly varying, strains of indie rock going at any given time. For example, some of the more popular recent strains include:
- New folk, an updated take on the folk music of the 1960s, typically designated by quiet vocals and more ornate, orchestral instrumentation and arrangements. (See: Sufjan Stevens, Iron and Wine)
- Freak-folk, a more experimental take on New Folk that generally revolves around quirky, psych-inflected folk songs and ballads. (See: Devendra Banhart, Joanna Newsom, Animal Collective, Six Organs of Admittance)
- New Weird America, the most heavily psych-damaged strain of New Folk, frequently consisting of avant-garde noise, drones, or dissonance, and often employing natural field recordings for added atmosphere. (See: No-Neck Blues Band, Tower Recordings, Wooden Wand and the Vanishing Voice)
- Dance-punk, a hybridization of electronic dance music and punk rock aesthetics. (See: LCD Soundsystem, The Rapture, !!!, Out Hud, Radio 4)
- Garage rock revival, a throwback to a more primitive 60s rock and roll sound which was heavily influenced by Delta blues. (See: The White Stripes, The Strokes, The Hives, The Von Bondies)
- Nu-gaze, an updated version of shoegazer that tends to lean more heavily on synths than its more guitar-focused predecessor. (See: Sigur Ros, Ulrich Schnauss, M83, Serena Maneesh)
- Indietronic, a descendent of electropop that finds a more conventional approach to indie rock or indie pop backed almost exclusively by highly digitized electronic instrumentation. (See: The Postal Service, The Notwist, Manitoba, Dntel, Lali Puna) Also among the most popular strains of indie rock at present is Neo-Wave. Popularized by bands such as Franz Ferdinand, Bloc Party and Futureheads, it is influenced primarily by the New Wave and post-punk movements of the 1980s. The core of this movement has mostly been the resurgence of spiky 80's post punk rhythms and riffs akin to those played by Gang of Four, Television and Wire. Often this style has been blended with other alternative genres such as garage rock (Death From Above 1979), synth rock (The Killers) and post-punk (Interpol). Some would also classify the Scissor Sisters and many others within this genre, which is very popular in the UK, forming the backbone of the Zane Lowe show, a popular evening radio show on Radio 1. Whether this particular movement embodies the indie ethos is debatable. Many of these bands are signed to independent labels, and express a disdain of the major-label marketing apparatus. (In the 8th January 2005 issue of NME, Alex Kapranos of Franz Ferdinand authored an article championing the genre, saying independent labels 'have character', how they are 'run by people who are passionate about music' and stressing 'why independent record labels are so important' as the saviour of good music.) Critics point out that, while many of the bands are signed to labels technically independent of the Big Four, the movement is highly commercial, image-oriented and market-driven, with millions of dollars spent on marketing and the investment of corporate promoters such as MTV, Clear Channel and Carling; a far cry from the traditional indie world of labels run out of bedrooms by friends of the bands and unconcerned with commercial success. Furthermore, much of this movement has been said to be rigidly formulaic, with a set of aesthetic stances (i.e., the severe black suits and thin ties of bands such as Interpol and Kaiser Chiefs) and sounds imitating a small number of 1970s/1980s post-punk and New Wave bands, and thus not particularly independent in spirit. While some artists in this movement may embody the DIY aesthetic and unconcerned attitude of indie more than others, it cannot be said to infuse the entire movement. Further muddying the waters of the technical definition of "indie" is the fact that independence from major labels and independence from market-driven commercialism are not always correlated. For a time in the late 1990s, three of the most successful artists in the UK indie charts were
- NSYNC, the Backstreet Boys and Britney Spears. All three were signed to Zomba, which was technically an independent label at the time. (Zomba has since become part of major label Sony BMG). In contrast, there have been a small number of notable artists (such as Radiohead, Pulp and The Flaming Lips) who have maintained considerable creative independence and won critical acclaim whilst signed to major labels.

Indie Rock in North America

"Scenes" are localized music-oriented communities that exist in many cities, especially in the U.S. and Canada. These have existed for decades now, in one way or another, but it is now commonplace for a city or town to have a punk scene, a metal scene, or many other scenes based on other forms of art. Indie music scenes became important in the early 1980s, when the rest of the country caught up with punk rock music from New York and London. Scenes are important in keeping indie and punk rock fresh and inventive, because it allows people from a wide audience to hear new independent music and contribute their own talents to it. Obviously, depending on what town one is in, the feel of the scene (and therefore the music that comes out of it) may change significantly. Arguably, the 1980s indie scene in Washington D.C. was pivotal in changing the outcome of punk and indie rock for decades to come. Bands like Minor Threat, the Bad Brains, Fugazi, and Rites of Spring helped to shape the sound of underground music for years to come. Los Angeles was important around this this time as well, producing bands like the Descendents, Bad Religion, and Black Flag. Around the mid-1980s, as punk and New-Wave's mainstream influence died down considerably, there rose a couple of other important movements. Minneapolis was very important around this time. Bands like Hüsker Dü, the Minutemen, and the Replacements would influence many punk bands after them. People involved in these bands, such as Bob Mould and Paul Westerberg still contribute to the music scene today. During the late 1980s in the Bay Area of California, bands like Operation Ivy, Green Day, and later, Rancid would take form to give a new sound to punk rock. On the opposite end of the country, Frank Black, Kim Deal, and Kristin Hersh were forming bands like the Pixies, Throwing Muses, and eventually The Breeders. These bands would influence the next wave of indie rock, which came from Seattle. The Seattle scene became popular in the early 1990s, when bands like Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice In Chains, and the Screaming Trees had immense success with their music. This was unique since it signaled the first time in a long time that punk rock or indie rock had become once again in vogue with the masses. Bands such as the Pixies and Sonic Youth, who were not given much mainstream credibility up to this point, found themselves adored by new fans. As of the new millenium, there are many new scenes appearing on the radar in North America, all with unique sounds. One is the Omaha-based Saddle Creek Records, which is home to several highly regarded indie rock acts, most notably Bright Eyes and Cursive. Bright Eyes singer/songwriter and Omaha native Conor Oberst, who started the label, has been called the "King of Indie Rock" by Rolling Stone magazine, although his "indie cred" is often less than high. Some publications such as Pitchfork Media are now claiming Montreal as North America's indie rock capital, due to bands such as The Arcade Fire, Wolf Parade, Frog Eyes and The Unicorns. Other Canadian indie-rock notables include The Organ. Portland, Oregon has also become a hot spot for indie bands, being the home of such acts as The Decemberists, The Dandy Warhols, Quasi, and the late Elliott Smith. San Diego has bred its fair share of influential bands such as The Locust, Black Heart Procession, Three Mile Pilot, and The Album Leaf. New York City (notably the neighborhood of Williamsburg, Brooklyn) has also been cited as a major scene for recent indie rock music with such bands as The Walkmen, TV on the Radio, Interpol, the Strokes, the French Kicks and the Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Los Angeles' indie scene is mostly centered in the gritty Koreatown and the bohemian Silverlake areas of the city, which have given rise to such bands as Moving Units, Autolux, the Midnight Movies, the Movies, Giant Drag, Icebird, and the Blood Arm. The Washington, DC area has also re-emerged as a hotbed of indie music. The area gained notoriety in the 1980s when it became one of the flagship cities of the American hardcore punk movement, with bands such as Minor Threat, Government Issue and Rites of Spring. All of these bands were on Minor Threat frontman Ian MacKaye's own record label, Dischord Records. Now the city is re-emerging as a hotbed of indie rock acts, namely MacKaye's own Fugazi, as well as Q and Not U, Black Eyes, Dead Meadow, Decahedron, and The Evens: Who have inspired many local DC bands such as pg. 99, Make Up Crestfallen, Haram, Reactor No. 7, Majority Rule and many others who are all just as equal and talented because they're all helping make the Washington, DC area a major factor in the indie rock movement thats been growning since the 1960's throughout all of Northern America and largly the world over.

External links

- [http://www.extremeindieradio.com eXtreme Indie Radio - Unsigned Music Without Limits!]
- [http://www.indiebandradio.com Indie Band Radio - All Unsigned... All the Time!]
- [http://www.pitchforkmedia.com Pitchfork Media: The definitive online resource for independent music news and reviews]
- [http://www.nme.com/ NME: Britain's original indie-friendly publication]
- [http://www.trouserpress.com/ Trouserpress: Massively influential 1980s indie publication, now an online record guide]
- [http://www.last.fm/tag/indie Last.fm's indie radio]
- [http://www.xfm.co.uk/ XFM: main UK indie radio station]
- [http://www.quoster.com/ Quoster: Quote database targeted at indie kids]

References

- Mathieson, Craig (2000), The Sell-In: How the Music Business Seduced Alternative Rock, Sydney, Allen and Unwin Category:Alternative music

Paul Heaton

Paul David Heaton (born May 9, 1962 in Bromborough, Merseyside, United Kingdom) is the lead singer and songwriter of The Beautiful South, and previously of The Housemartins. In 2001, he released his first solo album 'Fat Chance' under the alias of 'Biscuit Boy'. The album was then re-issued in 2002 using his real name. He lives in Manchester.

External links

- [http://www.paulheaton.com/ paulheaton.com]

Chris Lang

Chris Lang is the voice of all the characters except for Kipper.They include Tiger,Pig,Arnold,Jake and the Bleeper People.

Norman Cook

Fatboy Slim (born on July 16, 1963, Quentin Leo Cook) also known as Norman Cook is a British musician in the dance music genre. His style is known as big beat, a combination of hip hop, breakbeat, rock, and rhythm and blues. He stopped using 'Quentin' and began calling himself 'Norman' long before he adopted any other pseudonym.

History

Cook grew up in Reigate, Surrey, and was educated at Reigate Grammar School. He started a punk fanzine as a teenager and at sixth-form college met Paul Heaton. At 18, Cook went to university to study a BA in English, Politics and Sociology. Although he had begun DJing some years before, it was at this time that he began to develop his skills on the thriving Brighton club scene. In 1985 he was diverted by a call from his old friend, Paul Heaton. Heaton had moved to Hull and had formed a guitar band called The Housemartins. The Housemartins' bassist had just quit on the eve of their first national tour and, although Cook had lost interest in the rock scene and could barely play a musical instrument, he agreed to move to Hull to join them. The band soon had a hit single with "Happy Hour". They also reached number one just before Christmas 1986 with a version of "Caravan of Love". However, by 1988 they had split up. Heaton and the band's drummer Dave Hemingway went on to form The Beautiful South, while Cook moved back to Brighton to pursue his interest in the style of music he preferred. It was at this time that he first started working with young studio engineer Simon Thornton, with whom he continues to make records. All Cook's records released from that point onwards have involved both of them to varying degrees (Thornton is credited in 2004 as "Executive Producer" for example). Cook formed Beats International, a loose confederation of studio musicians including vocalists Lindy Layton and Lester Noel, rapper MC Wildski, and keyboardist Andy Boucher. Their first album, Let Them Eat Bingo (included the Number 1 single, "Dub Be Good to Me"). "Dub Be Good To Me" caused a legal dispute revolving around allegations of infringement of copyright through the liberal use of unauthorised samples: the bassline was a note-for-note lift from The Clash's "The Guns Of Brixton" and the song also borrowed heavily from the S.O.S. Band's "Just Be Good To Me". The 1991 follow-up album Excursion on the Version, an exploration of dub and reggae rhythms, failed to repeat the success of its predecessor. Cook then formed Freakpower, with horn player and singer Ashley Slater. The duo released their debut album, Drive Thru Booty, in 1994, which contained the single "Turn On Tune In Cop Out". The cut was picked up by the Levi's company for use in a multimillion-dollar ad campaign. In 1995, Cook enlisted help from producer friends Tim Jeffery and JC Reid to create a solo album, Pizzaman. The album featured one track ("Happiness") that was picked up by the Del Monte Foods corporation for use in a UK fruit juice ad. In 1996, Cook then re-joined Ashley Slater for the second Freakpower album, titled Everything for Everybody. Later that same year, Cook adopted the alter-ego pseudonym Fatboy Slim and began frequenting the Brighton club The Big Beat Boutique. While DJing at the club, Cook befriended the Chemical Brothers, who suggested that he work on his own material instead of merely DJing. The Fatboy Slim album Better Living Through Chemistry (released through Skint Records) marked Cook's emergence into the big time. Filled with retro samples and funk-laden grooves, the album was among the first in the then-new big beat sound. It also spawned one Top 40 UK hit, "Everybody Needs a 303". After Cook's remix of Cornershop's "Brimful of Asha" topped the charts, such musical heavy hitters as Madonna and U2 asked him to produce for them. Fatboy Slim's next work was the single "The Rockafeller Skank" which was released prior to the album You've Come a Long Way, Baby, both of which came out in 1998 to rave reviews. This album also produced the single "Praise You", which also became a major dance hit, giving Cook his first UK solo number one. Its video, directed by Spike Jonze, won numerous awards. Further Fatboy Slim works have appeared in movies, television series, and more ads. Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars was released in 2000 and featured two collaborations with Macy Gray. It also included "Sunset (Bird of Prey)", a slower tempo piece based around a sample of Jim Morrison from The Doors, and "Weapon of Choice", which also boasted an award-winning video starring Christopher Walken. Cook was recently awarded a star on the city of Brighton's Walk of Fame, next to that of Winston Churchill. He married TV personality Zoë Ball in 1999; the couple have one son named Woody. Cook is also a minority owner of the football club he has supported since moving to Brighton in the late 80's, Brighton & Hove Albion. In 2002, Q magazine named Fatboy Slim in their list of the 50 Bands to See Before You Die. In January 2003, Cook and his wife underwent a very public break-up, but three months later, they were reconciled. In 2004, Cook released two remixes in June and July, based on Max Sedgley's "Happy" and "Follow Me Follow Me (Quem Que Caguetou)" by Black Alien & Speed. The latter, a Hip Hop hit from Brazil, became popular in europe after having appeared on the Nissan X-Trail advert (portraying a more extreme type of marathon). Fatboy Slim's remix was then used in the advert itself. His first album in four years, Palookaville, was also announced in July. Cook's next studio album was confirmed for release on 4th October in the UK (Skint records) and 5th October for the US (Astralwerks). In the UK, Radio 1 received an exclusive play of the first single "Slash Dot Dash", while in the US "The Joker" (a collaboration with Bootsy Collins) had been exclusively aired. The song was appearing on the radio and was made quickly available on iTunes months ahead of the album release. Palookaville represented a significant shift in style for Cook, with a reduction in the traditional Fatboy Slim reliance on vocal loops, and the introduction of real instruments (Cook himself plays bass on some of the album's tracks, with Simon Thornton playing various other instruments, along with various guests, e.g. Justin Robertson) and more conventional song structures. More "traditional" Fatboy Slim tracks such as "Jin Go Lo Ba" coexist with full-length vocal tracks such as a rendition of the Steve Miller Band's "The Joker". The album also features many more vocal collaborations, including with rapper Lateef and Brighton-based band Johnny Quality. In 2005, his 2004 hit single "Wonderful Night" was placed on Konami's Dance Dance Revolution Extreme 2 for Playstation 2. In October 2005 Fatboy Slim and Talking Heads singer David Byrne revealed their plans for a musical about Imelda Marcos, the controversial ex-First Lady of the Philipines (during the notorious dictatorship of her husband, the Marcos family stole billions of dollars from that country's treasury) . It is set to premier at Australia's Adelaide Festival of Arts in March 2006

Bands & Pseudonyms

- The Housemartins
- Beats International
- Freakpower
- Pizzaman

Discography

Albums

- Pizzaman (1995) pre-Fatboy Slim moniker
- Better Living Through Chemistry (1996)
- On the Floor at the Boutique (Live) (1998)
- You've Come a Long Way, Baby (1998)
- Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars (2000)
- Live on Brighton Beach (Live) (2002)
- Big Beach Boutique II (Live) (2002)
- My Game (Live) (2002)
- Palookaville (2004)

Hit singles

- 1997 "Everybody Needs a 303" #34 UK
- 1998 "The Rockafeller Skank" #6 UK
- 1998 "Gangster Trippin'" #3 UK
- 1999 "Praise You" #1 UK, #36 US
- 1999 "Right Here Right Now" #2 UK
- 1999 "Badder Badder Schwing" (Freddy Fresh feat. Fatboy Slim) #34 UK
- 2000 "Sunset (Bird of Prey)" #9 UK
- 2001 "Demons" (feat. Macy Gray) #16 UK
- 2001 "Star 69" / "Weapon of Choice" #10 UK
- 2001 "A Song for Shelter" / "Ya Mama" #30 UK
- 2004 "Slash Dot Dash" #12 UK
- 2004 "Wonderful Night" #59 UK
- 2005 "The Joker" #32 UK
- 2005 "Don't Let The Man Get You Down" - Didn't Chart

External links

- [http://www.fatboyslim.net/ Fatboy Slim's official website]
-
- [http://www.electrofunkroots.co.uk/norman_cook.htm A Conversation with Norman Cook] Slim, Fatboy Category:British musicians Category:Electronic musicians Category:English football chairmen and investors ja:ファットボーイ・スリム

Chris Lang

Chris Lang is the voice of all the characters except for Kipper.They include Tiger,Pig,Arnold,Jake and the Bleeper People.

Sean Welch

Sean Welch (born April 12 1965) is the bassist for The Beautiful South and former roadie for The Housemartins. Born in Enfield, he played in a number of school bands, but unlike many budding musicians he was dismissed for his lack of musical skill. By the time he was twenty years of age he was on the dole and wondered what to do with his life. When he heard John Peel play "Flag Day" on the radio, he wrote to the Housemartins to ask them if they would play in Norfolk. Although his first reply said that they had never played there but hoped to, another reply shortly afterwards said that they would soon be playing in Norwich. When he arrived, he found the place deserted. Paul Heaton was playing with a ball, and Paul asked Sean if he wanted to go to the pub with him. Sean agreed, and Paul asked him to become the tour bus driver and part of the "A-team" for the Housemartins; Sean accepted. Sean often showed off his bass skills while working for the Housemartins, so it was no surprise that, when the Beautiful South was formed, he was one of the first to be asked to join. Welch, Sean Welch, Sean

Kingston-Upon-Hull

Hull or Kingston upon Hull is a city and unitary authority situated on the north bank of the Humber estuary. It is surrounded by the East Riding of Yorkshire and forms part of that county for ceremonial purposes. It is part of the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England.

Details

Unlike many other aged English cities, Hull has no cathedral. It does, however, contain the Holy Trinity Church, which claims to be the largest parish church in England. Hull has an extensive museum and visitor quarter which includes Wilberforce House, Hull and East Riding Museum, the Ferens Art Gallery, the Maritime Museum, Streetlife and Transport Museum, the Spurn Lightship, the Arctic Corsair and the Deep. It also features the University of Hull as well as a smaller campus for the University of Lincoln, and a large FE college, Hull College. Hull is the home of the Queens Gardens, the Hull Marina and is close to the Humber Bridge, the fourth-longest single-span suspension bridge in the world. The city has a football team playing at national league level, Hull City, who play at the Kingston Communications Stadium. The city has two Rugby League teams, Hull FC in the Super League who, along with Hull City AFC, play at the Kingston Communications Stadium and Hull Kingston Rovers in League One of the National Leagues playing at "New" Craven Park. Hull is the only city in the UK with its own independent telephone network company, Kingston Communications, with its distinctive cream telephone boxes. Formed in the 1910s as a municipal department by the City Council, it remains the only locally-operated telephone company in the UK, although now privatised. Kingston upon Hull has one of the most advanced computer networks in the world — a metropolitan area network. The local accent is distinctive and noticeably different from the standard Yorkshire accent. The most notable feature of the accent is the strong "goat fronting"; a word like goat, which is in standard (southern) English and across most of Yorkshire, becomes ("geurt") in and around Hull. Hull's daily newspaper is the Hull Daily Mail. BBC Radio Humberside, Viking FM, the University of Hull's Jam 1575 and Kingstown Radio the hospital-based radio station, all broadcast to the city. Transport within the city is provided by two main bus operators — Stagecoach in Hull and East Yorkshire Motor Services. A smaller operator, Alpha Bus and Coach, provides one of the three Park and Ride services in the city, whilst East Yorkshire and Stagecoach provide the other two. Hull is twinned with Freetown in Sierra Leone, Niigata in Japan, Raleigh, North Carolina in the USA, Reykjavik in Iceland, Rotterdam in the Netherlands and Szczecin in Poland. Hull, Massachusetts in the USA is named for this city, as is Hull, Quebec, which is part of the Canadian national capital region.

History

The original settlement of Wyke, or Wyke-Upon-Hull, was probably established by the Cistercian monastery of Meaux. A few miles upstream of the modern city, the port was used by the abbey for distribution of its wool. The location became strategically important to the English in conflict with the Scottish in the late 13th century. Edward I selected the site for its ideal proximity to his kingdom's adversary. Kingston-Upon-Hull was an advantageous port from which to launch his campaigns, sufficiently deep within the boundaries of England to afford security. The associated royal charter, dated April 1, 1299 remains preserved in Hull's Guildhall Archives. Guildhall Archives The charter of 1440, constituted Kingston upon Hull a corporate town and granted that instead of a Mayor and Baliffs there should be a Mayor, Sheriff and twelve Aldermen who should be Justices of the Peace within the town and county. Hull was a major port during the Later Middle Ages and its merchants traded widely to ports in Northern Germany, the Baltics and the Low Countries. Wool, cloth and hides were exported, and timber, wine, furs and dyestuffs imported. Leading merchant, Sir William de la Pole, helped establish a family prominent in government. Bishop John Alcock, founder of Jesus College and patron of the grammar school in Hull, hailed from another Hull mercantile family. Hull grew in prosperity and importance during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. This is reflected in the construction of a number of fine, distinctively decorated brick buildings of which Wilberforce House (now a museum dedicated to the life of William Wilberforce) is a rare survival. In 1642 Hull's governor Sir John Hotham declared for the Parliamentarian cause and later refused Charles I entry into the City and access to its large arsenal. He was declared a traitor and despite a parliamentarian pardon was later executed. (He was actually executed by the parliamentarians, not the royalists, when he tried to change sides.) This series of events was to precipitate the English Civil War since Charles I felt obliged to respond to the 'insult' by besieging the City; an event that played a critical role in triggering open conflict between the Parliamentarian and Royalist causes. Hull developed as a British trade port with mainland Europe, Whaling until the mid 19th Century and deep sea fishing until the Anglo-Icelandic Cod War 1975-1976, which resolution led to a major decline in Hull's economic fortune. It remains a major port dealing mostly with bulk commodities and commercial road traffic by RORO ferry to Rotterdam and Zeebrugge on mainland Europe. The city remains a UK centre of food processing. Because of its docks and proximity to continental Europe the city sustained particularly significant damage in bombing raids during the Second World War and much of the city centre was devastated. Most of the centre was rebuilt in the years following the war, but it is only recently that the last of the "temporary" car parks that occupied the spaces of destroyed buildings have been redeveloped. Hull's administrative status has changed several times. It was a county borough within the East Riding of Yorkshire from 1889 and in 1974 it became a non-metropolitan district of Humberside. When that county was abolished in 1996 it was made a unitary authority. In 2003 Hull came top of a so-called 'Crap Towns' survey in the book edited by Sam Jordison and Dan Kieran. Two years later it was also deemed the 'worst town in the UK' in a Channel 4 television programme. It is now a thriving city with many new developments in the process of completion. [http://www.hull.co.uk/index.aspx link Hull]

Notable residents

- Andrew Marvell, poet and parliamentarian grew up in Hull and represented the town in Parliament. A secondary school is named after him in the Bilton Grange area of the city.
- William Wilberforce, the leading slavery abolitionist, was born in Hull 1759, baptised at Holy Trinity church and represented the City as its Member of Parliament until his death in 1833. A sixth form college is named after him in the east of the city.
- Joseph Malet Lambert, a British education reformer who proposed universal education as an economic stimulus was born in Hull in 1853. A secondary school in the east of the city is named after him.
- Thomas R. Ferens philanthropist, industrialist and Member of Parliament for East Hull from 1906-1918, proved to be one of the city's greatest benefactors, endowing among others University College, the Ferens Art Gallery, and East Park in 1927.
- Amy Johnson, the pioneering aviator who was the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia, was born in Hull in 1903. A statue depicting her can be found near to the city centre's main Library.
- Though not born in the city, the notorious arsonist and serial killer Bruce Lee lived in Hull and committed his crimes there in the 1970s.
- Tom Courtenay, the highly respected actor, was born in Hull.
- Roland Gift, actor and singer with the Fine Young Cannibals, was born in Hull in 1962.
- Lene Lovich, punk singer, attended school in Hull in the 1960s.
- Hull is also the adopted home of Paul Heaton, of The Housemartins and now The Beautiful South. The other members of the Beautiful South are all from Hull.
- BBC Weatherman Alex Deakin comes from the area.
- Kelly Bailey, singer, model and dramatic actress was born in Hull in 1981.
- Jon Culshaw, the impressionist and comedian, began his career as a DJ on Hull station Viking FM.
- BBC Radio 1 presenters JK and Joel first honed their partnership on Viking FM.
- Stevie Smith, poet, was born in Hull.
- Lionel Davidson, novelist, was born in Hull.
- Philip Larkin, poet and librarian, worked in Hull University.
- Douglas Dunn, poet, worked in Hull.
- Maureen Lipman, actress.
- Ian Carmichael, actor.
- Andrew Lincoln, actor.
- Brian Rix, actor.
- Debra Stephenson, actress.
- Benjamin Stonehouse
- Nick Barmby, footballer.
- Mick Ronson, guitarist with David Bowie's Spiders From Mars and musical partner of Ian Hunter.
- Reece Shearsmith, comedian, born in Hull Norma Watterson, folk singer
- Thomas Perronet Thompson, radical reformer, MP and advocate of universal suffrage was born in Hull in 1783.
- Rob Hubbard, a very famous Commodore 64 SID6581 composer was born in Hull.
- Gerald Thomas, famous Carry-On director was born in Hull. Hull had a thriving music scene in the early eighties with bands such as The Red Guitars, Jane's Plane, Bushfire, The Housemartins, and Everything But the Girl (who took their name from a local furniture shop's advertising slogan). The Housemartins and EBTG went on to achieve international fame, and to a lesser extent, so did the Red Guitars. Bushfire moved down to London and became well known on the music scene there, while Jane's Plane, an all-women band of great local popularity, broke up. Later, the Hull band Kingmaker achieved moderate chart success. Roland Gift DJed at local nightclub Spiders and owned another nightclub in the city. The city currently has a moderately large hardcore punk and emo music scene. The Music scene in Hull is thriving at present with over a hundred bands playing at various venues across the city throughout the week. Some bands have gone on to receive national recognition. Fonda 500 and Freaks Union are regularly playlisted on MTV and The Paddingtons have been signed by former Oasis mentor Alan McGee and have had two singles enter the UK's Top 30. The Adelphi is still probably the most famous of venues in the city having hosted the likes of Radiohead, Stone Roses, Mardrae, The Fabulators and Oasis back in their formative years. Just recently in the last two years, The Sesh at Linnet & Lark has hosted weekly Live Music events with attendances averaging 300+. Bands to take note of include The Beautiful South [http://www.beautifulsouth.co.uk/bs/ link Beautiful South] ERNEST (http://www.ernestnet.com/), The Landau's, Turismo, The Applewhites, Dirty Dreamers, The Bonnitts[http://www.thebonnitts.co.uk www.thebonnitts.co.uk], Last People On Earth and the 59 Violets.

External links

- [http://www.vrhull.co.uk/ Virtual Reality Tour Of Hull]
- [http://www.holy-trinity.org.uk/ Holy Trinity church]
- [http://www.theadelphi.com/ The Adelphi Club]
- [http://www.g1ksw.co.uk G1KSW Homepage. Info on Hull] Category:Cities in Yorkshire Category:Cities in England Category:Local government districts in Yorkshire Category:Coastal cities Hull Category:Unitary authorities in England nb:Kingston upon Hull

1983 in music

Events

The most long-term influential release of 1983 is probably Head over Heels by the Cocteau Twins, which sold poorly upon its initial release. In the ensuing years, the album's eclectic assortment of alternative rock, New Wave and synth pop influences became a cornerstone of later alternative rock groups, most especially in the United Kingdom, where the Cocteau Twins' mix of airy textures and breathless vocals (dream pop) mutated into genres like twee pop, space rock and shoegazing, and eventually hit mainstream success with a psychedelic-influenced form, Britpop. Another album that eventually became enormously influential is Kill 'Em All by Metallica. This, their debut, is often considered the first purely thrash metal album, and helped lead the way for the diversification of heavy metal genres in the later part of the decade. Kill 'Em All 's popular success was quite limited, though it received rave reviews from metal critics and fans for its then-unique blend of earlier heavy metal pioneers, especially the New Wave of British heavy metal like Judas Priest, and hardcore punk, such as The Ramones. Quiet Riot's Metal Health was enormously popular in 1983, and was the first heavy metal album to go to #1 on the pop charts. The lead single, "Cum on Feel the Noize" (cover of Slade) was also a huge hit, and set the stage for the mainstream crossover of later hair metal bands like Guns n' Roses and Def Leppard. Metal Health is also the only album in Quiet Riot's catalogue to achieve much success critically or popularly. The country music legend Kenny Rogers records his 23rd studio album "We've Got Tonight," which is his last album for Liberty records. He signs to RCA for a guaranteed sum of no less than $20 million for 6 albums, the biggest record deal of all-time up to that point. His earnings for those recordings will amount to even more, but no details have ever been made public. Some releases from 1983 deserve special mention:
- The Police's Synchronicity was their final release together before breaking up, and was enormously popular, including one of their more popular songs, "Every Breath You Take"
- Culture Club's Kissing to Be Clever was their popular breakthrough, and included one of their most well-known songs, the hit single "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me"
- Eurythmics' Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) was also their breakthrough success, and included their signature tune, the title track
- Mötley Crüe's Shout at the Devil was their breakthrough, and included "Looks That Kill", though they would go on to greater popular and critical success in the later part of the decade after recovering from the shock of member Vince Neil's near-fatal car accident
- Tom Waits' Swordfishtrombones was his first album for Island Records, and the first in a series of three thematically and stylistically linked albums that established him as a critical darling and cult favorite
- New Order's Power, Corruption & Lies released. In some countries, it included the best-selling 12" record of all time, "Blue Monday"; the album was the second since forming from the ashes of Joy Division (after the suicide of Ian Curtis) and the first to achieve critical or popular success, as it was a stylistically innovative mix of synth vocals and dance-heavy beats
- Duran Duran scored hits from three separate albums in this year (Rio, the reissue of Duran Duran, and Seven and the Ragged Tiger)
- Merle Haggard began a run of chart success in this year, which continued for about two years. His duet album with Willie Nelson, Pancho & Lefty, was an enormous critical and popular success and did much to revitalize the careers of both entertainers, especially the hit title track
- Stevie Ray Vaughan's Texas Flood was more popular than any blues album since the late 1960s, and did much to establish country-blues as a commercially viable genre
- George Strait's Right or Wrong sold extremely well, and is a pivotal album in the development of the honky tonk revival during the rest of the decade.
- Publication of A Generative Theory of Tonal Music by Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff.
- February 11 - The Rolling Stones concert film Let's Spend the Night Together opens in New York
- November - first Now That's What I Call Music! compilation released in the UK.
- Diana Ross performs in Central Park in the pouring rain
- The Police breakup
- Highest point of the 1981-1985 Menuditis and Menudomania all over Latin America.
- Run DMC releases their debut single, "It's Like That"/"Sucker M.C.'s"
- The Dust Brothers form
- The Misfits break up; Glenn Danzig forms Samhain
- A-Ha forms in Norway
- Death forms
- Dinosaur Jr. forms
- Megadeth form
- Phish forms
- Red Hot Chili Peppers form
- Youth Choir forms (later called The Choir)
- Budgie breaks up
- The UK singles chart starts to use electronic terminals in selected stores to gather sales information. The old "sales diary" method will be gradually phased out over the next few years.

Albums released

- Restless and Wild - Accept
- Flick of the Switch - AC/DC
- No Parole From Rock & Roll - Alcatrazz
- Forged in Fire - Anvil
- Lesson Well Learned EP - Armored Saint (first release)
- High Land, Hard Rain - Aztec Camera
- Into the Unknown - Bad Religion
- Live From Earth - Pat Benatar
- The Crossing - Big Country
- Live Evil - Black Sabbath
- Let's Dance - David Bowie
- Johnny 99 - Johnny Cash
- Hello, I Must Be Going! - Phil Collins
- Colour By Numbers - Culture Club
- Head over Heels - Cocteau Twins
- Punch the Clock - Elvis Costello & the Attractions
- Da Da - Alice Cooper
- Yes Sir, I Will - Crass
- Japanese Whispers - The Cure
- Les p'tits mots - Dalida
- Ton prénom dans mon coeur - Dalida
- Canterbury - Diamond Head
- Pyromania - Def Leppard
- Construction Time Again - Depeche Mode
- Holy Diver - Dio
- Breaking the Chains - Dokken (major label debut), (rerelease)
- Seven and the Ragged Tiger - Duran Duran
- Zeichnungen des Patienten O. T. (Drawings of Patient O. T.) - Einstürzende Neubauten
- Europe - Europe
- Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) - Eurythmics
- Touch - The Eurythmics
- Let's Start A War (Said Maggie One Day) - The Exploited
- Fastway - Fastway
- Out For Blood - Lita Ford (solo debut)
- What Funk? - Grand Funk Railroad
- Samurai - Grand Prix
- Ageless Medley EP - Amy Grant
- A Christmas Album - Amy Grant
- Heart to Heart - Merle Haggard
- Pancho & Lefty - Merle Haggard & Willie Nelson
- That's the Way Love Goes - Merle Haggard
- Rock 'n' Soul, Part 1 - Hall & Oates
- Back to the Mystery City - Hanoi Rocks
- Self-Destruction Blues Hanoi Rocks
- The Luxury Gap - Heaven 17
- No Rest For The Wicked - Helix
- Riding with the King - John Hiatt
- Feel My Soul - Jennifer Holliday
- Metal Circus - Hüsker Dü
- Piece of Mind - Iron Maiden
- Night And Day - Joe Jackson
- Waylon & Company - Waylon Jennings
- Take It to the Limit - Waylon Jennings & Willie Nelson
- Too Low for Zero - Elton John
- Shine On - George Jones
- Frontiers - Journey
- Pipes of Peace - Paul McCartney
- Lick It Up - KISS
- Headhunter - Krokus
- Madness - Madness
- Into Glory Ride - Manowar
- Script for a Jester's Tear - Marillion
- Confrontation - Bob Marley and the Wailers
- We Are One - Maze featuring Frankie Beverly
- Behind the Scene - Reba McEntire
- Business As Usual - Men At Work
- A Volar - Menudo
- Kill 'Em All - Metallica (debut)
- Offramp - The [[Pat Metheny]] Group
- Travels(Live) - The [[Pat Metheny]] Group
- 31 July: Oriental Towers - The Modern Art
- Shout at the Devil - Mötley Crüe
- Another Perfect Day - Motörhead
- Sound Elixir - Nazareth
- Take it to the River - Willie Nelson
- Tougher than Leather - Willie Nelson
- Without a Song - Willie Nelson
- Dazzle Ships - Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark
- Power, Corruption & Lies - New Order
- Trouble in Paradise - Randy Newman
- American Made - The Oak Ridge Boys
- Dreamgirls - Original Broadway Cast Album
- Bark At the Moon - Ozzy Osbourne
- Metal Magic - Pantera
- Principle of Moments - Robert Plant
- Urban Dance Floor Guerillas - P-Funk All Stars
- The Final Cut - Pink Floyd
- Works - Pink Floyd
- Everywhere at Once - The Plimsouls
- Break Out - The Pointer Sisters
- Synchronicity - The Police
- Queensrÿche EP - Queensrÿche
- Metal Health - Quiet Riot (American debut)
- Bent Out of Shape - Rainbow
- Subterranean Jungle - The Ramones
- Ratt EP - Ratt
- All for One - Raven
- Neruda - Red Rider
- Imagination - Helen Reddy
- Hootenanny - The Replacements
- Murmur - R.E.M. (full length debut)
- Can't Slow Down - Lionel Richie
- We've Got Tonight - Kenny Rogers
- Eyes That See In The Dark - Kenny Rogers
- In Heat - The Romantics
- Assault Attack - The Michael Schenker Group
- Built to Destroy - The Michael Schenker Group
- Hearts and Bones - Paul Simon
- Show No Mercy - Slayer
- Mommy's Little Monster - Social Distortion
- Confusion Is Sex - Sonic Youth (debut)
- Southern Death Cult EP - Southern Death Cult (first release by the band to eventually be known as The Cult)
- Works - Status Quo
- All the Best - Stiff Little Fingers
- Right or Wrong - George Strait
- Steeler - Steeler (Yngwie Malmsteen & Ron Keel's 1st band, This band's only release)
- Yentl (soundtrack) - Barbra Streisand
- Suicidal Tendencies - Suicidal Tendencies (debut)
- She Works Hard For The Money - Donna Summer
- Speaking in Tongues - Talking Heads
- The Hurting - Tears for Fears (debut)
- Life - Thin Lizzy
- Thunder and Lightning - Thin Lizzy
- Hand of Kindness - Richard Thompson
- Never Surrender - Triumph
- You Can't Stop Rock & Roll - Twisted Sister (major label debut)
- Lost in the Feeling - Conway Twitty
- Merry Twistmas - Conway Twitty
- Faster Than The Speed Of Night - Bonnie Tyler
- Labour Of Love - UB40
- Under A Blood Red Sky - U2
- War - U2
- Peace Thru Vandalism - The Vandals
- 1984- Van Halen
- Flashdance (soundtrack) - Various Artists
- Texas Flood - Stevie Ray Vaughan
- At War with Satan - Venom
- Violent Femmes - Violent Femmes (debut)
- Swordfishtrombones - Tom Waits
- The Waterboys - The Waterboys (debut)
- Even the Strong Get Lonely - Tammy Wynette
- Good Love & Heartbreak - Tammy Wynette
- 90125 - Yes
- Mean Streak - Y&T
- No Parlez - Paul Young
- Zebra - Zebra
- Eliminator - ZZ Top

Top hits on record

- "1999" - Prince
- "A Girl Called Johnny" - The Waterboys
- "Add It Up" - Violent Femmes
- "Africa" - Toto
- "All Night Long (All Night)" - Lionel Richie
- "All Time High" - Rita Coolidge
- "Always Something There to Remind Me" - Naked Eyes
- "Another State Of Mind" - Social Distortion
- "Australiana" - Austen Tayshus #1 (a)
- "Baby, Come to Me" - Patti Austin with James Ingram
- "Baby Jane" - Rod Stewart
- "Bad Boys" - Wham!
- "Bad Day" - Carmel
- "Bark At The Moon" - Ozzy Osbourne
- "Beat It" - Michael Jackson
- "Big Log" - Robert Plant
- "Billie Jean" - Michael Jackson
- "Blind Vision" - Blancmange
- "Blister In The Sun" - Violent Femmes
- "Bloodstone" - Judas Priest
- "Blue Monday" - New Order
- "Blue World" - The Moody Blues
- "Bop Girl - Pat Wilson #1 (a)
- "Boxerbeat" - JoBoxers
- "Breaking Us In Two" - Joe Jackson
- "Buffalo Soldier" - Bob Marley and the Wailers
- "Buried Treasure" -Kenny Rogers
- "Burning Down The House" - Talking Heads
- "Calling Your Name" - Marilyn
- "Candy Girl" - New Edition
- "Can't Get Used To Losing You" - The Beat
- "Cattle And Cane" - The Go-Betweens
- "Chance" - Big Country
- "Change" - Tears For Fears
- "China Girl" - David Bowie
- "Chinese Cafe" - Joni Mitchell
- "Church of the Poison Mind" - Culture Club
- "Club Tropicana" - Wham!
- "Come Back And Stay" - Paul Young
- "Countdown/New World Man" - Rush
- "Cruel Summer" - Bananarama
- "Cry Me A River" - Mari Wilson
- "Dark Is The Night" - Shakatak
- "Dear Prudence" - Siouxsie and the Banshees
- "Delirious" - Prince
- "Did You Have To Love Me Like You Do?" - The Coconuts
- "Dirty Laundry" - Don Henley
- "Don't Cry" - Asia
- "Don't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away" - Phil Collins
- "Don't Talk To Me About Love" - Altered Images
- "Double Dutch" - Malcolm McLaren
- "Down Under" - Men at Work
- "Drop The Pilot" - Joan Armatrading
- "Electric Avenue" - Eddy Grant
- "Every Breath You Take" - The Police
- "Everyday I Write The Book" - Elvis Costello and the Attractions
- "Everything Counts" - Depeche Mode
- "Family Man" - Hall & Oates
- "Femme" - Dalida
- "Fields Of Fire(400 Miles)" - Big Country
- "Flashdance... What a Feeling" - Irene Cara
- "Foolin'" - Def Leppard
- "Garden Party" - Marillion
- "Gimme All Your Lovin'" - ZZ Top
- "Give It Up" - KC and the Sunshine Band
- "Gloria" - Laura Branigan
- "Gold" - Spandau Ballet
- "He Knows You Know" - Marillion
- "Heartache Avenue" - The Maisonettes
- "Hold Me Now" - The Thompson Twins
- "Hungry Like The Wolf" - Duran Duran
- "I Am (I'm Me)" - Twisted Sister
- "I Cannot Believe It's True" - Phil Collins
- "I Don't Care Anymore" - Phil Collins
- "I Don't Remember(Live)" - Peter Gabriel
- "I Guess That's Why They Call It The Blues" - Elton John
- "I'll Tumble 4 Ya" - Culture Club
- "I'm Still Standing" - Elton John
- "In A Big Country" - Big Country
- "In The Neighborhood" - Tom Waits
- "I.O.U." - Freeez
- "Is There Something I Should Know?" - Duran Duran
- "Islands In The Stream" - Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton
- "It Don't Matter To Me" - Phil Collins
- "It's Raining Men" - The Weather Girls
- "Johnny B. Goode" - Peter Tosh
- "Jump (For My Love)" - Pointer Sisters
- "Karma Chameleon" - Culture Club
- "Keep Feeling (Fascination)" - The Human League
- "Kiss The Bride" - Elton John
- "Le restaurant italien" - Dalida
- "Les p'tits mots" - Dalida
- "Let The Music Play" - Shannon (singer)
- "Let's Dance" - David Bowie
- "Let's Stay Together" - Tina Turner
- "Lick It Up" - Kiss
- "Listen To The Radio:Atmospherics" - Tom Robinson
- "Little Red Corvette" - Prince
- "Long Hot Summer" - The Style Council
- "Love Blonde" - Kim Wilde
- "Love is a Battlefield" - Pat Benatar
- "Love Is A Stranger" - Eurythmics
- "Love Of The Common People" - Paul Young
- "Love On Your Side" - The Thompson Twins
- "Love Town" - Booker Newberry III
- "Mama" - Genesis
- "Many Rivers To Cross" - UB40
- "Marguerita Time" - Status Quo
- "Market Square Heroes" - Marillion
- "Maxine" - Sharon O'Neil
- "Modern Love" - David Bowie
- "Moonlight Shadow" - Mike Oldfield
- "Mourir sur scène" - Dalida
- "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" - Bananarama
- "New Frontier" - Donald Fagen
- "New Song" - Howard Jones
- "New Year's Day" - U2
- "Nobody's Diary" - Yazoo
- "Oblivious" - Aztec Camera
- "One On One" - Hall & Oates
- "Only For Love" - Limahl
- "Only You" - The Flying Pickets
- "Ooh To Be Ah" - Kajagoogoo
- "Our Lips Are Sealed" - Fun Boy Three
- "Owner Of A Lonely Heart" - Yes
- "Photograph" - Def Leppard
- Pills And Soap - The Imposter
- "Pipes Of Peace" - Paul McCartney
- "Radio Free Europe" - R.E.M.
- "Reckless" - Australian Crawl #1
- "Red Red Wine" - UB40
- Relax - Frankie Goes To Hollywood
- "Right By Your Side" - The Eurythmics
- "Rio" - Duran Duran
- "Rip It Up" - Orange Juice
- "Rock And Roll Is King" - Electric Light Orchestra
- "Rockit" - Herbie Hancock
- "Rosanna" - Toto
- "Save A Prayer" - Duran Duran
- "Say Say Say" - Michael Jackson & Paul McCartney
- "Screaming for Vengeance" - Judas Priest
- "Send Me An Angel" - Real Life
- "Separate Ways(Worlds Apart)" - Journey
- "Sharp Dressed Man" - ZZ Top
- "She Works Hard For The Money" - Donna Summer
- "Shiny Shiny" - Haysi Fantazee
- "Shipbuilding" - Robert Wyatt
- "Sign Of The Times" - The Belle Stars
- "Song To The Siren" - This Mortal Coil
- "Soul Inside" - Soft Cell
- "Speak Like A Child" - The Style Council
- "Stand Back" - Stevie Nicks
- "Steppin' Out" - Joe Jackson
- "Street of Dreams" - Rainbow
- "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" - Eurythmics
- "Synchronicity 2" - The Police
- "Tell Her About It" - Billy Joel
- "Talking In Your Sleep" - The Romantics
- "Temptation" - Heaven 17
- "Tender Is The Night" - Jackson Browne
- "That's All" - Genesis
- "The Big Apple" - Kajagoogoo
- "The Border" - America
- "The Celtic Soul Brothers" - Dexy's Midnight Runners
- "The Chinese Way" - Level 42
- "The Cutter" - Echo and the Bunnymen
- "The First Picture Of You" - The Lotus Eaters
- "The Love Cats" - The Cure
- "The Safety Dance" - Men Without Hats
- "The Shape You're In" - Eric Clapton
- "The Story Of The Blues" - Wah!
- "The Sun Goes Down(Living It Up)" - Level 42
- "The Walk" - The Cure
- "They Don't Know" - Tracey Ullman
- "This Charming Man" - The Smiths
- "This Is The Day" - The The
- "Thriller" - Michael Jackson
- "Thunder And Lightning" - Thin Lizzy
- "Tomorrow's Just Another Day" - Madness
- "Tonight I Celebrate My Love" - Peabo Bryson and Roberta Flack
- "Too Shy" - Kajagoogoo
- "Total Eclipse of the Heart" - Bonnie Tyler
- "True" - Spandau Ballet
- "True Love Ways" - Cliff Richard
- "2000 Miles" - The Pretenders
- "Tunnel Of Love" - Fun Boy Three
- "Twilight Zone" - Golden Earring
- "Twisting By The Pool" - Dire Straits
- "Under Attack" - ABBA
- "Undercover Of The Night" - The Rolling Stones
- "Union Of The Snake" - Duran Duran
- "Up Where We Belong" - Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes
- "Uptown Girl" - Billy Joel
- "Vintage'77(EP)" - The Heartbreakers
- "Vision In Blue" - Ultravox
- "A Volar"- Menudo
- "Walk Out To Winter" - Aztec Camera
- "Walkin' The Line" - Brass Construction
- "Watching You Watching Me" - David Grant
- "Waterfront" - Simple Minds
- "We Are Detective" - The Thompson Twins
- "We've Got Tonight" Kenny Rogers and Sheena Easton
- "What Is Love?" - Howard Jones
- "What Kinda Boy You're Lookin' For(Girl)" - Hot Chocolate
- "Wherever I Lay My Hat(That's My Home)" - Paul Young
- "White Lines (Don't Don't Do It)" - Grandmaster and Melle Mel
- "Who's That Girl?" - The Eurythmics
- "Why Can't It Wait 'Til Morning?" - Phil Collins
- "Wings Of A Dove" - Madness
- "Wrapped Around Your Finger" - The Police
- "You Can't Hurry Love" - Phil Collins See also: Hot 100 No. 1 Hits of 1983

Published popular music

- "An Innocent Man" w.m. Billy Joel
- "Karma Chameleon" w.m. George O'Dowd, John Moss, Roy Hay, Mickey Craig & Phil Rickett
- "Uptown Girl" w.m. Billy Joel
- "Total Eclipse of the Heart" - Jim Steinman

Classical music

- Friedrich Cerha - Requiem für Hollensteiner
- George Crumb - Processional for piano
- Jean Daetwyler - Concerto for Alphorn, Flute, Saxophone and Strings no 2
- Mario Davidovsky - Romancero for soprano, flute (piccolo, alto flute), clarinet (bass clarinet), violin and violoncello
- Jacques Hétu - Clarinet Concerto
- John Pickard - Nocturne in Black and Gold
- Iannis Xenakis - Shaar

Opera

- Leonard Bernstein - A Quiet Place
- Oliver Knussen - Where the Wild Things Are (children's)
- Per Nørgård - Det guddommelige Tivoli (The Divine Circus)

Musical theater

- Abbacadabra London production opened at the Lyric Hammersmith Theatre on December 8
- Baby     Broadway production
- La Cage aux Folles     Broadway production
- Doonesbury     Broadway production
- Mame (Jerry Herman) - Broadway revival
- Merlin     Broadway production
- Oliver! (Lionel Bart) - London revival
- On Your Toes     Broadway revival
- My One and Only     Broadway production
- Singin' In The Rain     London production
- The Tap Dance Kid     Broadway production
- Zorba     Broadway revival

Musical films

- The Pirates of Penzance
- Staying Alive

Musical television

- Salad Days

Births

- March 14 - Jordan Taylor Hanson, Hanson
- May 2 - Rose Falcon
- June 30 - Cheryl Tweedy,member of Girls Aloud
- July 2 - Michelle Branch, Justincase
- July 11 - Marie Eleonor Serneholt, oldest of A-Teens
- September 17 - Jennifer Peña
- October 29 - Amit Paul, member of A-Teens

Deaths

- February 4 - Karen Carpenter, singer, dies of anorexia nervosa
- February 12 - Eubie Blake (100), pianist
- February 22 - Sir Adrian Boult, conductor
- March 6 - Cathy Berberian, singer and composer
- April 4 - Danny Rapp, Danny and the Juniors, gunshot wound
- April 14 - Pete Farndon, the Pretenders, drug overdose
- April 30 - Muddy Waters (68), heart attack
- April 30 - George Balanchine, choreographer
- May 5 - Clarence Quick (46), the Del Vikings, heart attack
- June 2 - Stan Rogers, musician
- July 5 - Harry James, bandleader
- July 23 - Georges Auric, composer, member of Les Six
- November 7 - Germaine Tailleferre, composer, only female member of Les Six
- December 28 - Dennis Wilson, member of the Beach Boys

Awards

Grammy Awards

- Grammy Awards of 1983

Country Music Association Awards

Eurovision Song Contest

- Eurovision Song Contest 1983

Charts

List of No. 1 Hits

- Hot 100 No. 1 Hits of 1983

KROQ

- KROQ Top 106.7 Countdown of 1983
- Category:Years in music

Everything But The Girl

Everything But The Girl (EBTG) are a British two-person band formed in Hull, England in 1982 by lead singer and bassist Tracey Thorn (born September 26, 1962) and guitarist Ben Watt (born December 6, 1962). They were separately signed to Cherry Red records as solo artists, with Thorn also forming one-third of the Marine Girls trio, and just happened to be attending the University of Hull at the same time. The band's name came from the slogan of an old-fashioned furniture shop on Beverley Road, Hull (now demolished). The idea behind the slogan was that they could provide every imaginable item to furnish your home, except the girl. After a one-off single, a cover version of Cole Porter's "Night and Day", their first hit single, "Each and Every One", had a jazzy sound, and EBTG was considered part of a jazz/pop movement that included other British acts like Sade, Matt Bianco, and The Style Council, on whose Cafe Bleu album they guested. Their first album was released in the UK as Eden and in the United States eponymously as Everything But The Girl. Subsequent releases underscored EBTG's versatility and range. 1985's Love Not Money featured a shimmering pop sound with jangly guitars, and featured a cover of The Pretenders song "Kid". The following year, they released Baby The Stars Shine Bright, an album of Bacharach-esque songs recorded with an orchestra. In 1988, EBTG released Idlewild, a collection of mellow pop songs that began a trend towards middle-of-the-road, adult contemporary music that they would continue with subsequent releases The Language of Life (featuring the single "Driving"), Worldwide and Acoustic. The duo were forced to curtail recording and touring for a few years when Watt contracted Churg-Strauss syndrome, an autoimmune disease (He subsequently wrote a memoir, Patient, about his ordeal). The next work of original music was not until 1994, when EBTG released Amplified Heart. Although most of the music was still acoustic-based, it had a much more contemporary feel. Producer Todd Terry remixed the track "Missing", and when EBTG released the remix as a single, it became a huge international hit. It hit the top of nearly every chart around the world, and charted in the US, a feat that had previously eluded the band. The track reached number two and stayed in the US Hot 100 for well over a year. The success of that track, along with a collaboration Thorn did with the bands Massive Attack and Deep Dish, influenced them and helped usher the band into a more electronic sound. Their subsequent albums Walking Wounded and Temperamental, showed the band's musical progress as well as established Ben Watt as a master DJ with an innate understanding of musical landscaping. The band has been on hiatus for a few years. Watt has concentrated on being a DJ and remixer, finding great success as one half of Lazy Dog with partner Jay Hannan. Watt and Thorn, intensely private about their relationship and personal life, have a strong desire to raise their three children outside of the spotlight. In late spring 2005, Thorn recorded her first vocals in three years, on a song called Damage on the album Eat Books for the German band Tiefschwarz, for which she also wrote the lyrics and melody. Their fan base is still very active, as messages on the band's website confirm. Most recently, the band released a double disc of remixes highlighting the best of their eclectic electronica influenced music including a trio of newly commissioned remixes.

Discography

Albums

Singles

External link

- [http://www.ebtg.co.uk Official site] Category:Electronic music groups Category:House musicians Everything But The Girl

Claymation

The term "Claymation" is a registered trademark created by Will Vinton Studios to describe their clay animated movies; the more generic term is "clay animation", but "claymation" has entered the English language as a genericized trademark. Clay animation is but one form of stop motion animation; specifically, it is the form where each animated piece, either character or background, is "deformable". All animation is produced in a similar fashion, whether done through traditional cel animation, stop-motion, or CGI. Each frame, or still picture, is recorded on film or digital media and then played back in rapid succession. When played back at a frame rate greater than 16 frames per second, a fairly convincing illusion of continuous motion is achieved. frame rate In clay animation, each object is sculpted in clay or a similarly pliable material such as Plasticine, usually around an armature. As in other forms of object animation, the object is arranged on the set, a shot is taken and the object or character is then moved very slightly by hand. Another shot is taken and the object moved slightly again. To achieve the best results, a consistent shooting environment is needed to maintain the illusion of continuity. This means paying special attention to maintaining consistent lighting and object placement. Producing a stop motion animation using clay is extremely laborious. Normal film runs at 24 frames per second. With the standard practice of "doubles" (double-framing — exposing 2 frames for each shot), 12 changes are usually made for one second of film. For a 30-minute movie, there would be approximately 21,600 stops to change the figures for the frames. For a full length (90 min) movie, there would be approximately 64,800 stops, and possibly far more if parts were shot with "singles" or "ones" (one frame exposed for each shot). Great care must be taken to ensure the object is not altered by accident, by even slight smudges or dirt. For feature-length productions, the use of clay has generally been supplanted by silicone and resin-cast components. However, clay remains a viable animation material where a particular aesthetic is desired. Some of the best known clay animated works include the Gumby series of television shows created by Art Clokey and the advertisements made for the California Raisin Advisory Board by Will Vinton. However, clay animation has also been used in Academy Award winning short films such as Closed Mondays (1974), The Sand Castle (1977), Creature Comforts (1989), Mona Lisa Descending a Stairase (1992), Wallace & Gromit: A Grand Day Out (1989), Wallace & Gromit: The Wrong Trousers (1993) and Wallace & Gromit: A Close Shave (1995). Creature Comforts and the Wallace & Gromit short films were created by Nick Park of Aardman Animations. Also, the Presentators showed on Nicktoons, was also made by Aardman Animations. Other films or television shows produced with clay animation:
- Martin the Cobbler (Will Vinton, 1976)
- Morph (Peter Lord and Dave Sproxton, 1976)
- Rip Van Winkle (Will Vinton, 1978)
- The Little Prince (Will Vinton, 1979)
- Baby Snakes (Frank Zappa, 1979)
- Creation (Will Vinton and Joan Gratz, 1981)
- The Adventures of Mark Twain (Will Vinton, 1985)(also known as Comet Quest)
- Return to Oz (Will Vinton, 1985)(Knome King scenes)
- A Claymation Christmas Celebration (Joan Gratz, 1987)
- Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas (Henry Selick, 1994)
- Rex the Runt (Television series, Richard Goleszowski, 1998 UK)
- Chicken Run (Nick Park, 2000)
- Gary and Mike (Television series, 2001)
- Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (Nick Park, 2005)
- Corpse Bride (Tim Burton, 2005) Several computer games have also been produced using clay animation, including The Neverhood and Platypus Game.

External links

- [http://www.saunalahti.fi/animato/chicken/chick.html Animating a clay chicken]
- [http://www.tsof.edu.au/resources/animation/Clay/ Technology School of the Future Clay animation page]
- [http://www.theclayman.com/ TheClayMan.com, Paul Moldovanos creates clay characters and animates them]

References

- Tayler, Richard. The Encyclopedia of Animation Techniques. Running Press, Philadelphia, 1996. ISBN 156138531X
- Lord, Peter and Brian Sibley. Creating 3-D Animation. Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1998. ISBN 0810919966 Category:Stop motion Category:animation ja:%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1

London 0 Hull 4

London 0 Hull 4 is a 1986 album by The Housemartins. It was their first album and contains the singles Flag Day (#58 in the UK), Sheep (#54 in the UK), Happy Hour (#3 in the UK) and Think For A Minute (#18 in the UK). The re-release on CD in 1992 features four additional tracks. It also says '16 songs - 17 hits!' The title refers to the band's home town of Hull and is in the format of a football result.

Track listing

#"Happy Hour" #"Get Up Off Our Knees" #"Flag Day" #"Anxious" #"Reverend's Revenge" (instrumental) #"Sitting On A Fence" #"Sheep" #"Over There" #"Think For A Minute" #"We're Not Deep" #"Lean On Me" #"Freedom" #"I'll Be Your Shelter (Just Like A Shelter)" (CD and cassette only) #"People Get Ready" (CD only) #"The Mighty Ship" (CD only) #"He Ain't Heavy...He's My Brother" (CD only)

The People Who Grinned Themselves to Death

The People Who Grinned Themselves to Death was the second and last album by The Housemartins. It was released in 1987. Five Get Over Excited, Me and the Farmer and Build were released as singles.

Track Listing

#"The People Who Grinned Themselves to Death" - 3:33 #"I Can't Put My Finger on It" - 2:28 #"The Light Is Always Green" - 3:59 #"The World's on Fire" - 3:20 #"Pirate Aggro" - 1:52 #"We're Not Going Back" - 2:53 #"Me and the Farmer" - 2:54 #"Five Get Over Excited" - 2:44 #"Johannesburg" - 3:55 #"Bow Down" - 3:04 #"You Better Be Doubtful" - 2:32 #"Build" - 4:45

Now That's What I Call Quite Good

Now That's What I Call Quite Good! was the post-breakup greatest hits and compilation album from The Housemartins. It was released in 1988.

Track Listing

#"I Smell Winter" - 3:23 #"Bow Down" - 3:01 #"Think for a Minute" - 3:29 #"There Is Always Something There to Remind..." - 3:30 #"The Mighty Ship" - 1:50 #"Sheep" - 2:16 #"I'll Be Your Shelter (Just Like a Shelter)" - 4:46 #"Five Get over Excited" - 2:41 #"Everyday's the Same" - 2:56 #"Build" - 4:48 #"Step Outside" - 4:13 #"Flag Day" - 3:32 #"Happy Hour" - 2:22 #"You've Got a Friend" - 3:30 #"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" - 2:47 #"Freedom" - 3:27 #"The People Who Grinned Themselves to Death" - 3:30 #"Caravan of Love" - 3:39 #"The Light Is Always Green" - 3:58 #"We're Not Deep" - 2:15 #"Me and the Farmer" - 2:54 #"Lean on Me" - 4:27 #"Drop Down Dead" - 3:01 #"Hopelessly Devoted to Them" - 2:10 Category:1988 albums

ChristianIty

Christianity

1988

1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January

- January 1 - The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America comes into existence, creating the largest Lutheran denomination in the United States.
- January 2 - Georgia celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- January 9 - Connecticut celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- January 26 - Australia celebrates its bicentennial day.

February

- February 3 - The United States House of Representatives rejects President Ronald Reagan's request for $36.25 million to support Nicaraguan Contras.
- February 6 - Massachusetts celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- February 11 - Anthony M. Kennedy is appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
- February 13 - The 1988 Winter Olympics open in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- February 17 - US Lieutenant Colonel William R. Higgins, serving with a United Nations group monitoring a truce in southern Lebanon is kidnapped (captors later kill him)
- February 21 - On his own televangelism program being taped in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Jimmy Swaggart confesses that he is guilty of an unspecified sin and will be temporarily leaving the pulpit. The "unspecified sin" was an affair with a prostitute.
- February 24 - The Supreme Court of the United States sides with Hustler magazine by overturning a lower court decision to award Jerry Falwell $200,000 for defamation (see Hustler Magazine v. Falwell)
- February 26 - Australia's Bicentennial year - discovered 200 years ago today
- February 28 - The 1988 Winter Olympics close.
- February 29 - Nazi document implicates Kurt Waldheim in WWII deportations

March

- March 1 - Anthony M. Frank is appointed United States Postmaster General
- March 7 - Operation Flavius - The SAS shoot dead three unarmed Irish Republican Army members in Gibraltar.
- March 8 - Two United States Army helicopters collide in Fort Campbell, Kentucky killing 17 servicemen
- March 9 - Students at Gallaudet University go on strike for the selection of a Deaf university president
- March 16 - The Halabja poison gas attack was carried out by Iraqi government forces.
- March 16 - Iran-Contra Affair: Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North and Vice Admiral John Poindexter are indicted on charges of conspiracy to defraud the United States.
- March 19 - British army Corporals Woods and Howes are killed by the IRA in the so-called "Corporals killings".
- March 24 - Israeli court sentences Mordechai Vanunu to 18 years in prison for disclosing Israel's nuclear program to The Sunday Times
- March 29 - Assassination of Dulcie September in Paris

April

Paris
- April 4 - Governor Evan Mecham of Arizona is convicted in his impeachment trial and removed from office.
- April 10 - The Great Seto Bridge opened to traffic in Japan
- April 12 - Former pop singer Sonny Bono is elected mayor of Palm Springs, California
- April 14 - In Geneva Agreement, Soviet Union commits itself to withdrawal of its forces from Afghanistan
- April 14 - USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58) strikes a mine in the Persian Gulf while deployed on Operation Earnest Will
- April 16 - Israeli commandos kill PLO's Khalil Wazir (Abu Jihad) in Tunisia
- April 18 - U.S. Navy forces retaliate for the Roberts mining with Operation Praying Mantis, a day of strikes against Iranian oil platforms and naval vessels
- April 25 - In Israel John Demjanuk is sentenced to death for war crimes committed in World War II. He was accused of being a notorious guard at the Treblinka extermination camp known as "Ivan the Terrible" by survivors. Conviction overturned by Israeli Supreme Court.
- April 28 - Maryland celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- April 28 - Aloha Flight 243 loses in flight several yards of its upper fuselage; extraordinarily, the craft lands with only one fatality.
- April 30 - World Expo '88 opens in Brisbane Queensland Australia. The exhibition runs for 6 months hosting pavilions from over
70 countries and thrusts the sleepy city of Brisbane into the international spotlight.

May

- May 15 - Soviet war in Afghanistan: After more than eight years of fighting, the Red Army begins its withdraw from Afghanistan.
- May 16 - A report by the Surgeon General C. Everett Koop states that the addictive properties of nicotine are similar to those of heroin and cocaine.
- May 16 - California v. Greenwood: In a 6-2 decision, the Supreme Court of the United States rules that police officers do not need a search warrant to search through discarded garbage.
- May 23 - South Carolina celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- May 24 - Section 28 (outlawing promotion of homosexuality in schools) is passed as law by Parliament in the United Kingdom.

June

- June 6 - Queen Elizabeth strips jockey Lester Piggott of his OBE
- June 11 - The name of the General Public License (GPL) is mentioned first time.
- June 21 - New Hampshire celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- June 25 - Virginia celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- June 25 - The Netherlands defeat the Soviet Union 2-0 to win Euro 88.
- June 28 - Four workers asphyxiated at a metal-plating plant in Auburn, Indiana, in the worst confined-space industrial accident in US history. A fifth victim dies two days later.
- June 29 - United States Supreme Court upholds the law allowing special prosecutor to investigate suspected crimes by executive branch officials.
- June 30 - Roman Catholic Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre consecrated four bishops at Ecône for his apostolate along with Bishop Antonio de Castro Mayer without a Papal mandate.

July

- July 1 - Bologna, Italy: Quartetto Cetra's last concert after over forty years' musical career.
- July 3 - Iran Air Flight 655 shot down by missiles launched from the USS Vincennes ship
- July 6 - The Piper Alpha drilling platform in the North Sea is destroyed by explosions and fires killing 165 oil workers and 2 rescue mariners.
- July 26 - New York celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- July 30¨- Antonio Gomes dos Santos stands motionless in a Lisbon, Portugal shopping center for 15 hours, 2 minutes and 55 seconds

August

- August 6–7 - "Police riot" in New York City's Tompkins Square Park
- August 8 - Thousands of protestors in Burma (Myanmar) killed during demonstrations against the government.
- August 9 - Wayne Gretzky is traded from the Edmonton Oilers to the Los Angeles Kings in one of the most controversial transactions in hockey history.
- August 17 - Pakistan President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and US Ambassador Arnold Raphel are killed in a plane crash.
- August 19 - Ceasefire begins in the Iran-Iraq war
- August 20 - Iran-Iraq war finished, costing an estimated 1 million lives
- August 26 - Merhan Karimi Nasseri ends up stuck in the Charles De Gaulle Airport in Paris
- August 28 - A fire destroys part of Chiado quarter, in Lisbon's historical center.

September

Lisbon.]]
- September 1- Acacia pycnantha proclamed Australia's national floral emblem
- September 3- Federal referendums on 4-year terms, recognition of local Government and other issues is defeated in Australia
- September 5 - With US$2 billion in federal aid, the Robert M. Bass Group agrees to buy the United States's largest thrift, American Savings and Loan Association
- September 12 - Hurricane Gilbert devastated Jamaica, it turns towards Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula two days later causing an estimated $5 billion in damage.
- September 17 - Summer Olympic Games in Seoul, South Korea open
- September 22 - Ocean Odyssey drilling rig suffers a blowout and fire in the North Sea. (See also July 6)
- September 29 - NASA resumes space shuttle flights, grounded after the Challenger disaster

October

- October 5 - Thousands riots in Algiers, Algeria against the government of National Liberation Front - by October 10 army has killed and tortured about 500 people in crushing the riots
- October 5 - Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet is defeated in a national plebiscite that sought to renew his mandate.
- October 11 - Women are allowed to study at Magdalene College, Cambridge, for the first time. Male students wear black armbands and the porter flies a black flag
- October 12 - two officers of the Victoria Police are gunned down executional style in the Walsh Street police shootings in Australia
- October 19 - United Kingdom bans broadcast interviews with IRA members. BBC gets around this by using actors' voices.
- October 28 - Abortion: 48 hours after announcing it was abandoning RU-486, French manufacturer Roussel Uclaf states that it would resume distribution of the drug, bowing to pressure from the government of France
- October 30 - Philip Morris buys Kraft Foods for US$13.1 billion.
- October 30 - Expo '88 in Brisbane Australia draws to a close after a 6 month spectacular.

November

- November 8 - U.S. presidential election, 1988: George Herbert Walker Bush is elected over Michael Dukakis.
- November 11 - In Sacramento, California, police find a body buried in the lawn of 60-year-old boardinghouse landlady Dorothea Puente (seven bodies were eventually found and Puente was convicted of three murders and sentenced to life in prison)
- November 15 - In the Soviet Union, the uncrewed Shuttle Buran is launched by an Energia rocket on her maiden orbital spaceflight (this was the first and last space flight for the shuttle)
- November 15 - Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: An independent State of Palestine is proclaimed by the Palestinian National Council meeting in Algiers, by a vote of 253 to 46
- November 16 - The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR declares that Estonia is "sovereign" but stops short of declaring independence
- November 16 - In the first open election in more than a decade, voters in Pakistan choose populist candidate Benazir Bhutto to be Prime Minister
- November 17 - The Netherlands becomes the second country to get connected to the Internet
- November 18 - War on Drugs: US President Ronald Reagan signs a bill into law providing the death penalty for murderous drug traffickers
- November 21 - Canadian Federal Election: Brian Mulroney and the Progressive Conservative Party win a second majority government
- November 22 - In Palmdale, California, the first prototype B-2 Spirit stealth bomber is revealed
- November 30 - Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. buys RJR Nabisco for US$25.07 billion.

December

RJR Nabisco
- December 2 - Benazir Bhutto is sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan, becoming the first woman to head the government of an Islam-dominated state.
- December 2 - Cyclone in Bangladesh leaves 5 million homeless - thousands dead
- December 7 - In Armenia an earthquake 6.9 on the Richter scale killed nearly 25,000, injured 15,000 and left 400,000 persons homeless.
- December 12 - The Clapham Junction rail crash kills 35 and injures 132.
- December 19 - The Consumer Product Safety Commission bans the sale of lawn darts following the deaths of three children.
- December 20 - The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.
- December 21 - Pan Am flight 103 is blown up by Libyan terrorists over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 259 on board and 11 on the ground.
- December 22 - Assassination of Brazilian union and environmental activist Chico Mendes.

Environmental change

- Zebra mussels found in the Great lakes

Unknown dates

- Dave Barry won the Pulitzer Prize for commentary.
- Singer Fish leaves the band Marillion to pursue a solo career.
- Mickey Sadoff elected president of Mothers Against Drunk Driving.

Births

- January 17 - Nikki Reed, American actress
- February 4 - Carly Patterson, American gymnast
- February 7 - Ai Kago, Japanese singer
- February 8 - Ryan Pinkston, American actor
- February 18 - Rihanna, Barbadian R&B singer
- February 27 - JD Natasha, Latin music artist
- March 25 - Erik Knudsen, Canadian actor
- March 27 - Brenda Song, American actress
- March 28 - Lacey Turner, English actress
- April 10 - Haley Joel Osment, American actor
- May 2 - Brooke Hogan, American singer
- June 1 - Nami Tamaki, Japanese singer
- June 7 - Michael Cera, Canadian actor
- June 27 - Kate Ziegler, American swimmer
- August 8 - Princess Beatrice of York
- August 23 - Niki Leinso, Croatian singer and songwriter
- August 24 - Rupert Grint, English actor
- August 27 - Alexa Vega, American actress
- August 31 - Megan McCauley, American singer
- September 24 - Kyle Sullivan, American actor
- September 26 - Marina Kuroki, Japanese actress
- October 5 - Bobby Edner, American actor
- October 23 - Caleigh Peters, American singer
- November 15 - Zena Grey, American actress
- November 21 - Jamie Mahoney, American actor and rapper
- November 28 - Scarlett Pomers, American actress
- December 7 - Emily Browning, Australian actress

Deaths

- January 2 - Edmund Brisco Ford, British geneticist (b. 1901)
- January 5 - Pete Maravich, American basketball player (b. 1947)
- January 7 - Trevor Howard, British actor (b. 1913)
- January 11 - Pappy Boyington, American pilot (b. 1912)
- January 13 - Chiang Ching-kuo, President of the Republic of China (b. 1910)
- January 14 - Georgi Malenkov, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party (b. 1902)
- January 15 - Seán MacBride, Irish Republican Army leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1904)
- January 16 - Ballard Berkeley, British actor (b. 1904)
- January 20 - Philippe de Rothschild, French vineyard owner (b. 1902)
- January 22 - Parker Fennelly, American comedian and actor (b. 1891)
- February 1 - Heather O'Rourke, American actress (b. 1975)
- February 15 - Richard Feynman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- February 19 - René Char, French poet (b. 1907)
- February 19 - André Frédéric Cournand, French-born physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1895)
- March 1 - Joe Besser, American actor and comedian (b. 1907)
- March 5 - Alberto Olmedo, Argentine comedian and actor (b. 1933)
- March 7 - Divine, American actor (b. 1945)
- March 8 - Henryk Szeryng, Polish-born violinist (b. 1918)
- March 9 - Kurt Georg Kiesinger, third Chancellor of Germany (b. 1904)
- March 10 - Andy Gibb, Australian singer (Bee Gees) (b. 1958)
- March 31 - William McMahon, twentieth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908)
- April 3 - Milt Caniff, American cartoonist (b. 1907)
- April 15 - Kenneth Williams, English actor and raconteur (b. 1926)
- April 23 - Michael Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1904)
- April 26 - James McCracken, American tenor (b. 1926)
- May 3 - Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, Russian mathematician (b. 1908)
- May 8 - Robert A. Heinlein, American science fiction author (b. 1907)
- May 11 - Kim Philby, British spy (b. 1912)
- May 12 - Chet Baker, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1929)
- May 16 - Charles Keeping, British illustrator (b. 1924)
- May 18 - Daws Butler, voice actor (b. 1916)
- May 21 - Sammy Davis, Sr., American dancer (b. 1900)
- May 25 - Ernst Ruska, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
- June 25 - Hillel Slovak, Israeli-born guitarist (Red Hot Chili Peppers) (b. 1962)
- July 8 - Ray Barbuti, American athlete (b. 1905)
- July 27 - Frank Zamboni, American inventor (b. 1901)
- August 8 - Ramon Valdez, Mexican actor (b. 1923)
- August 11 - Anne Ramsey, American actress (b. 1929)
- August 17 - Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr., American lawyer and politician (b. 1914)
- August 17 - Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, leader of Pakistan (b. 1924)
- August 27 - William Sargant, British psychiatrist (b. 1907)
- September 1 - Luis Alvarez, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- September 5 - Gert Fröbe, German actor (b. 1913)
- September 28 - Charles Addams, American cartoonist (b. 1912)
- October 1 - Sacheverell Sitwell, English writer (b. 1897)
- October 15 - Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji, English composer and pianist (b. 1892)
- October 19 - Son House, American musician (b. 1902)
- October 22 - Henry Armstrong, American boxer (b. 1912)
- October 31 - John Houseman, Romanian-born actor and producer (b. 1902)
- November 9 - John N. Mitchell, U.S. Attorney General and convicted Watergate criminal (b. 1913)
- November 13 - Antal Dorati, Hungarian conductor (b. 1906)
- November 19 - Christina Onassis, American shipping magnate (b. 1950)
- December 2 - Tata Giacobetti, Italian singer and lyricist (Quartetto Cetra) (b. 1922)
- December 6 - Roy Orbison, American singer (b. 1936)
- December 21 - Nikolaas Tinbergen, Dutch ornithologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1907)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger
- Chemistry - Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel
- Medicine - Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings
- Literature - Naguib Mahfouz
- Peace - The United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces.
- The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel - Maurice Allais

Templeton Prize

- Dr. Inamullah Khan

Right Livelihood Award

- International Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims / Dr. Inge Kemp Genefke
- José Lutzenberger
- John F. Charlewood Turner
- Sahabat Alam Malaysia / Mohamed Idris, Harrison Ngau, the Penan people.

Fictional references

- The 2001 movie Donnie Darko is set in October 1988 Category:1988 als:1988 ko:1988년 ja:1988年 simple:1988 th:พ.ศ. 2531

Leeds

Leeds is a city in the metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds in West Yorkshire in the north of England. The River Aire runs through the city. In 1974 the former county borough of Leeds was merged with the towns of Wetherby, Morley, Otley, Pudsey, and other surrounding areas to form a metropolitan borough — the city status of the county borough being conferred on the new metropolitan borough. Somewhat confusingly therefore, the City of Leeds contains a number of towns including the former county borough of Leeds, which can be thought of as Leeds proper. For the purposes of this article Leeds refers to the city as it was prior to 1974 as to distinguish it from the metropolitan borough called the City of Leeds. According to the 2001 UK census the core of Leeds had a population of 429,243 while the City of Leeds had a population of 726,939 and is one of England's core cities. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word derived from the 'Loins' (or lanes) around Briggate in the town's centre, although the term is rarely used or understood. The mock-classical adjectives Leodensian and Leodiensian are sometimes used by some local sports clubs. core cities

Twinnning

Leeds is twinned with:
- Brno, Czech Republic
- Dortmund, Germany
- Durban, South Africa
- Hangzhou, China
- Lille, France
- Siegen, Germany

History

Leeds was an agricultural market town in the Middle Ages, and received its first charter in 1207. In the Tudor period Leeds was mainly a merchant town manufacturing woollen cloths and trading with Europe via the Humber estuary. At one point nearly half of England's total export passed through Leeds. The city's industrial growth was catalysed by the introduction of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816 and the railway in 1848. Now, Leeds is the UK's 3rd largest and fastest growing city.

Industry and economy

Leeds has a diverse economy with the service sector now dominating over the city's manufacturing industries. It has in the past been served well by its canal, and today by its rail network at Leeds station, from where MetroTrains operate to all parts of West Yorkshire and other operators to the rest of the country. Leeds Station is the busiest in the UK, outside London. With the A1(M), M1 and M62 intersecting at Leeds, it is the principal northern hub of the motorway network. Leeds Bradford International Airport is located to the north-west of the city and has scheduled flights to destinations within the U.K and Europe, although competition from the newly opened Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield nearby may lead to a reduction in the airport's traffic. The city had plans for a tram network, but a lack of government funding makes this impossible [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/4403788.stm]. Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield These good transport links have been a major factor contributing to the growth of Leeds, and have led to the city becoming a major centre for distribution. Retail is another major service and employer in the city centre, with a retail economy which has experienced a recent boom resulting in several new shops. Briggate is one of Leeds' main shopping streets, with the Victoria Quarter and Harvey Nichols. The city centre also includes Europe's largest indoor market, and over 8 shopping centres. The Eastgate/Harewood Quarter and Trinity Qtr. will re-establish Leeds as one of Europe's top shopping centres. Although, like the rest of the North of England, Leeds had its fair share of tough economic times during the 1970s and 1980s, it bounced back quickly by investing heavily in communications links in advance of the Internet. This helped it (along with Birmingham and Glasgow) become one of the major hubs for call-centres in the late 20th century, particularly for service-oriented companies. Many outlying towns formerly relying on mining and heavy industry, found financial salvation in the 'reliable' sounding Yorkshire accent. However, many of these large employers are now outsourcing many of these jobs to places like Bangalore in India, where staff costs are considerably lower. Leeds has one of the UK's strongest economies, with unemployment at a record low in Leeds and with the largest media, financial and legal sectors outside London.

Development

In recent times Leeds has seen hundreds of new developments. Some large schemes include:
- Holbeck Urban Village regeneration
- Clarence Dock (Completion 2007)
- Quarry Hill Cultural Quarter
- Leeds Metropolitan University Rebuilding
- Millennium Square
- Leeds Station modernization
- Leeds Arena
- St. James' University Hospital Oncology wing (Jimmy's)
- Harewood/Eastgate shopping quarters (commence Late 2006/Early 2007)
- Trinity Shopping Quarter (commence 2006)
- South Leeds Sport Centre
- Leeds University campus rebuilding, including a 20 storey building
- Metropolitan University campus relocation to Headingley.
- Leeds (Bradford) International Airport expansion High rise schemes are making a much bigger mark on Leeds' skyline however, with 16 skyscrapers under construction or proposed, that are taller than West Riding House; Leeds' tallest building. The UK's tallest building outside of London, Venture Tower, is also proposed in Leeds.
- Bridgewater Place ([http://www.bridgewaterplaceleeds.com Bridgewater Place Website]) (construction)
- The Plaza (construction)
- Venture Tower 1 & 2 (advanced planning)
- Criterion Place 1 & 2 (advanced planning)
- The Gateway (construction)
- Mayfair (advanced planning)
- Kite Tower
- Leeds University
- Wade Lane Apartments
- Green Bank (advanced planning)
- Clarence House (construction)
- Sweet Street (advanced planning)
- Marshall Street (planning)
- Monkbridge Forge (planning)
- West Central

Culture

Sport

The town has a strong sporting heritage, with the Yorkshire County Cricket Club, Leeds Rhinos (the Rugby League team) and Leeds Tykes (the Rugby Union team) playing at Headingley Stadium, and Leeds United F.C. playing at Elland Road. Leeds United had a turbulent 2004, narrowly avoiding insolvency, and dropped from the Premier League into The Championship. They finished 14th during the 2004/2005 season. Leeds Rhinos were crowned Super League champions on 16 October, 2004 after defeating arch rivals Bradford Bulls 16-8 at Old Trafford.

Media

Leeds has bases for some media activities for the UK. Yorkshire Post Newspapers Ltd, owned by Johnston Press plc, is based in the city, and produces a daily morning broadsheet, the Yorkshire Post, and an evening paper, the Yorkshire Evening Post, as well as other publications such as Leeds Express. Regional television and radio stations also have bases in the town; BBC Television and Yorkshire Television both have studios and broadcasting centres in Leeds, but there is concern over the future of regional independent television with the consolidation of Independent Television franchises in the UK. BBC North, Radio Aire, Magic 828, Galaxy 105 and Real Radio all broadcast from the city. In the 1980s, pirate radio stations including Rapid City Radio (RCR), amongst other shorter-lived stations broadcasting a mainly reggae playlist from Chapeltown, later diversifying into hip hop and house. Later, Dream FM was one of the biggest pirate radio stations in the country, but folded soon after getting a license to operate legally. Leeds is the UK's largest media city, outside London. In the late 1990s dot-com boom, Leeds became one of the key hubs in the emerging new media sector - companies such as Freeserve, Energis, Sportal and Ananova emerged to dominate the UK internet industry, with Freeserve and Ananova going on to become part of Wanadoo and Orange within France Télécom. The City's Holbeck area is now home to the 'internet quarter' - an urban village with infrastructure and facilities for digital media and creative companies; at its heart is the [http://www.roundfoundry.net Round Foundry] media centre facility. Now, over 33% of the UK's internet traffic goes through Leeds, making it the UK's largest internet city.

Museums and the arts

Leeds has a large number of museums, being the home of the Royal Armouries Museum (opened in 1996 when the collection was transferred from the Tower of London), the Leeds City Museum which is dedicated to the history of Yorkshire, the Thackray's Medical Museum and the Leeds City Art Gallery. Leeds also boasts the Grand Theatre (where Opera North is based), the City Varieties music hall (which has hosted performances by Charlie Chaplin and Harry Houdini) and the West Yorkshire Playhouse. The Leeds Festival takes place every year in Bramham Park, having moved from Temple Newsam after pressure from some local residents. It features some of the biggest names in rock and indie music. The city is home to the Leeds International Piano Competition, held every three years since 1963, which has launched the careers of many major concert pianists. There is also the Leeds International Concert Season, the largest local authority music programme of any UK city outside London. The first moving pictures were taken in the city, by Louis Le Prince, of Leeds Bridge in 1888. Temple Newsam House, Harewood House and the ruins of Kirkstall Abbey, which dates from the 12th century, are on the outskirts of the city.

Music

Though not as prolific as its neighbour Liverpool across the Pennines, or indeed Sheffield in South Yorkshire, Leeds has still produced some notable bands. The Mekons and the influential Gang of Four came out of the 1970s punk movement, whilst in the early to mid 1980s the city was home to a large goth scene and more or less famous local bands including Red Lorry Yellow Lorry, The Sisters of Mercy and Salvation (which was formed by Sisters of Mercy roadies). The avant-garde art scene centred around Leeds Metropolitan University's (then Leeds Polytechnic) Fine Art course led to the formation of early 80s electronic pioneers Soft Cell. Later 1980s and 1990s rock bands include The Wedding Present, Chumbawumba and Cud. More recent times have seen Leeds based bands such as Kaiser Chiefs, The Music, Black Wire, Duels, ¡Forward, Russia!, Parisman and This Et Al come to national prominence. Like in most major northern cities, house music had a big impact on Leeds when it arrived in the late 1980s. Early house nights included Downbeat at the Warehouse, Meltdown at the Astoria in Roundhay, and Joy and Kaos at various temporary venues, along with a thriving Shebeen or "Blues" scene in Chapeltown. Along with Sheffield and Bradford, Leeds was a centre for the Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass scene in 1989-1990, with influential local bands such as LFO, Nightmares on Wax, Ital Rockers, Unit 93 and Juno on Sheffield's Warp Records and Leeds' Bassic Records. This early underground scene developed into the Leeds club scene of the 1990s, when for a while Leeds held the title of Britain's clubbing capital. Both Back to Basics and mixed gay night Vague enjoyed the title of best club in Britain at different points in the decade, whilst The Orbit in Morley was an internationally recognised techno mecca. Sadly this venue has now been converted into a restaurant. Leeds is very well-known for its current DIY underground music scene, encompassing the genres of hardcore, post-hardcore, post-punk, and noise rock among others. There is a vibrant and active community based around the DIY ethic, supported in part by [http://www.copsandrobbers.net Cops and Robbers], a monthly guide to DIY events in and around Leeds.

Nightlife

DIY ethic Leeds has a very large student population and boasts a large number of bars and nightclubs, as well as venues for live bands such as the Cockpit, The New Roscoe, and [http://www.josephswell.co.uk Joseph's Well], which combine to generate a vibrant nightlife. Leeds has gained a well-deserved reputation as one of the UK's favourite clubbing destinations. Often described as the UK's clubbing capital, Leeds is best known as the home of pioneering club nights Back to Basics and Speedqueen. Complete listings and reviews of bars, pubs and nightclubs in Leeds can be found online at [http://www.geocities.com/leedsguide Leeds City Guide], an extensive online venue guide, and [http://www.leedsgigs.co.uk Leeds Gig Guide], a live music listings guide. In recent years a homosexual nightlife scene has developed. The Bridge Inn, The New Penny, and Queens Court have long been homosexual night spots. Recent additions, such as, Bar Fibre offer more contemporary 'straight friendly' environments. Other recently opened clubs include Velvet Underground and The Warehouse, home of the Saturday club night, Speedqueen. Towards Millennium Square and the Civic or Northern Quarter, is the newly developing entertainment district thriving on students. Recently, the Hard Rock Café and TigerTiger have opened here, and various upper class restauarants have opened in the northern quarter. Millennium Square bursts into life during the night with its many new bars (Such as cocoon, revolution and haha, to name a few), and a big screen mounted on the civic theatre finishes the quarter off. Millennium Square plays host to many large events such as earth from the air, icecube, christmas markets, gigs, citywide parties and the world famous rhythms of the city festival. Millennium Square joins onto the remoddles Mandela Gardens which Nelson Mandela opened in 2001. A number of public art features, fountains, a canal and greenery is here as an oasis from the city centre excitement.

Famous people from Leeds

- Sir Jimmy Savile - Best known for presenting Jim'll Fix It and Top of the Pops. Now living in Roundhay.
- Mel B (from the Spice Girls)
- Chris Moyles - BBC Radio 1 DJ.
- Alan Bennett - performer in Beyond the Fringe and writer of works such as The Madness of King George
- Barbara Taylor Bradford - novelist
- Elizabeth Dawn (real name Sylvia Butterfield) best-known for her character Vera Duckworth in Coronation Street
- Gaynor Faye - known for her character in Coronation Street and later Fat Friends
- Kay Mellor - writer of TV drama including Band of Gold
- Tony Harrison (b.1937 - ) - Poet
- Barry Cryer - Comedian
- Matthew Lewis - known for his role as Neville Longbottom in the Harry Potter films
- Malcolm McDowell - played the wizard in Just Visiting, starred in A Clockwork Orange and has appeared in Star Trek films
- Peter O'Toole - actor famous for his role in Lawrence of Arabia
- Vic Reeves - known for his long time on screen partnership with fellow comedian Bob Mortimer
- Tom Wilkinson - actor who has appeared in such films as Batman Begins, Eternal Sunshine Of The Spotless Mind and The Full Monty
- Ernie Wise - (real name Ernest Wiseman) of the comedy duo Morecambe and Wise
- John Craven - presenter of John Craven's Newsround (now known as Newsround)
- Caryl Phillips - a leading Black British author/playwright
- Nell McAndrew - an internationally famous model.
- Verbalicous - succesful European hip-hop artist.
- Alan Titchmarsh - celebrity gardener.
- Jan Fletcher - international Business Woman
- Arthur Ransome - journalist and children's author
- Alfred Austin - poet laureate
- Leigh Francis aka Avid Merrion, creator of the TV show Bo' Selecta!
- Beryl Burton - record-breaking cyclist
- Vesta Victoria - music hall star
- Helen Fielding - novelist, Bridget Jones Diary
- Jeremy Paxman - TV presenter

Bands originating in Leeds

- Black Wire
- Christie - Jeff Christie born in Leeds
- Chumbawamba
- Duels
- Embrace - Actually from Brighouse, near Huddersfield but often talked about as a 'Leeds band'
- ¡Forward, Russia!
- Gang of Four
- Girls At Our Best
- Kaiser Chiefs - Ricky Wilson went to Leeds Grammar School and joined with the rest later
- The Music - went to or met at Brigshaw High School
- Pale Saints
- Parisman
- Red Lorry Yellow Lorry
- Salvation
- Send More Paramedics
- Soft Cell
- The Sisters Of Mercy
- This Et Al
- Utah Saints
- The Wedding Present

Artists based in Leeds

[http://www.axisweb.org Axis] is an online database listing practising artists within the UK. It was started as a Leeds Metropolitan University project and over the last 15 years has grown to be the Internet based resource for finding artists for commissions.
- Kerry Harker - [http://www.kerryharker.com Visit KerryHarker.com]
- Emma Bolland
- Derek Horton (writer) - [http://www.slashseconds.org Visit /seconds.]
- Peter David Hamilton - [http://www.axisweb.org/artist/peterdavidhamilton Artist On Axis]
- James Wakefield (photographer) - [http://www.urban-exposure.com Visit Urban Exposure]

Education

Leeds has two universities, the University of Leeds, with around 31,500 full-time students (and a further 52,000 on short courses), and Leeds Metropolitan University with around 26,000 (according to UCAS; the LMU website claims 37,000) as well as various higher education colleges, including Trinity & All Saints' College accredited by the University of Leeds, giving it one of the largest student populations in the country. The main campuses of both universities are near the city centre, as is that of the similarly revered College of Art. Leeds Grammar School, situated on the outskirts of the city at Alwoodley Gates and dating back to 1552, is the principal public school for boys. Leeds Girls' High School is an independent, selective school for girls, located in Headingley and consistently ranked highly in education tables. Allerton High School was started in 1901. Morley High School was founded as a grammar school in 1907, but became became a mixed comprehensive in 1975.

References

External links

- [http://www.leedsliveitloveit.co.uk Leeds Live it Love It] Official Visitors Site, for Leeds' International Campaign.
- [http://www.leeds.gov.uk Leeds City Council] Leeds City (Metropolitan) Council.
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds Leeds on the BBC]
- [http://www.leedsnet.com LeedsNet - Information for the Leeds region]
- [http://www.geocities.com/leedsguide Leeds City Guide - Information about Bars, Pubs, Clubs, Hotels and Restaurants]
- [http://www.leodis.org/ Go back in time with Leodis, find out what your area used to look like]
- [http://www.wymetro.com Information about public transport in the region]
- [http://www.leedstoday.net All the latest from Leeds]
- [http://www.leedsfestival.com The annual Leeds festival]
- [http://www.vrleeds.co.uk Leeds in virtual reality]
- [http://www.leedscinema.com Hyde Park Picture House]
- [http://www.leedsfilm.com Leeds Film Festival]
- [http://www.leedsmusicfestival.com Leeds Music Festival]
- [http://www.wyplayhouse.co.uk West Yorkshire Playhouse]
- [http://www.stgeorgesleeds.org.uk/ St George's Church, Crypt & Community Church, Leeds]
- [http://www.leedsunited.com Leeds United Football Club]
- [http://www.leedsrugby.com Leeds Rhinos (Rugby League) and Leeds Tykes (Rugby Union)]
- [http://www.leedsmusicscene.net Leeds Music Scene - Information about Leeds bands and musicians]
- [http://www.leedsgrammar.com/ Leeds Grammar School]
- [http://www.leeds.ac.uk/ University of Leeds]
- [http://www.lmu.ac.uk/ Leeds Metropolian University]
- [http://www.lbia.co.uk/ Leeds Bradford International Airport]
- [http://www.tasc.ac.uk/ Trinity & All Saints]
- [http://www.lghs.org/ Leeds Girls' High School website]
- [http://www.gatewayleeds.net/ Gateway Church - Leeds]
- [http://www.lovemytown.co.uk/CityProfiles/Leeds/index.htm LoveMyTown - City of Leeds] civic pride facts and organisations in Leeds
- [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=53.794770,-1.544952&spn=0.092667,0.240704&hl=en Leeds at Google Maps] Category:Cities in Yorkshire

London 0 Hull 4

Track listing

Now That's What I Call Quite Good

Now That's What I Call Quite Good! was the post-breakup greatest hits and compilation album from The Housemartins. It was released in 1988.

Track Listing

Category:British musical groups

The British musical groups category is for groups which were founded in the United Kingdom but not specifically one of its constituent countries. It may also apply to groups which were founded elsewhere, but which include British musicians. It does not apply to groups which were founded elsewhere, but had their main success in the United Kingdom. If the group can be categorized more specifically, make use of :Category:Northern Ireland musical groups, :Category:Scottish musical groups, :Category:Welsh musical groups, or :Category:English musical groups. Groups Category:Musical groups by nationality Groups ja:Category:イギリスのバンド

Category:Indie rock groups

Category:Alternative musical groups Category:Rock music groups

Eurovision Song Contest 1998

The Eurovision Song Contest 1998 was the 43rd Eurovision Song Contest and was held on May 9, 1998 in Birmingham, England. The presenters were Terry Wogan and Ulrika Jonsson. Dana International was the winner of this Eurovision with the song, Diva.

Results

1998 Eurovision Song Contest
Country	Artist(s)	Song	Place	Points
Belgium	Mélanie Cohl	Dis Oui	6	122
Croatia	Danijela Martinovic	Neka mi ne svane	5	131
Cyprus	Michalis Hadjiyiannis	Yenesis	11	37
Estonia	Koit Toome	Mere lapsed	12	36
Finland	Edea	Aava	15	22
FYR of Macedonia	Vlado Janevski	Ne zori, zoro	19	16
France	Marie Line	Où Aller	24	3
Germany	Guildo Horn	Guildo Hat Euch Lieb	7	86
Greece	Thalassa	Mia Krifi Evesthisia	20	12
Hungary	Charlie	A Holnap Mar Nem Lesz Szomoru	23	4
Ireland	Dawn	Is Always Over Now?	9	64
Israel	Dana International	Diva	1	172
Malta	Chiara	The One That I Love	3	165
Netherlands	Edsilia Rombley	Hemel En Aarde	4	150
Norway	Lars Fredriksen	Alltid Sommer	8	79
Poland	Sixteen	To Takie Proste	17	19
Portugal	Alma Lusa	Se eu te pudesse abraçar	12	36
Romania	Malina Olinescu	Eu Cred	22	6
Slovakia	Katerina Hasprova	Modlitba	21	8
Slovenia	Vili Resnik	Naj bogovi slišijo	18	17
Spain	Mikel Herzog	Que Voy A Hacer Sin Ti	16	21
Sweden	Jill Johnson	Kärleken Är	10	53
Switzerland	Gunvor	Lass' ihn	25	0
Turkey	Tüzmen	Unutamazsin	14	25
United Kingdom	Imaani	Where are you?	2	166
Venue: National Indoor Arena - Birmingham, United Kingdom
The table is ordered by the countries names.

First appearances

Republic of Macedonia

Voting structure

Each country had a televote, where the top ten most voted for songs were awarded the 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points, with a backup jury in case of mistakes. A Jury was used if there was exceptional reasons not to use a televote. With just one country left to vote, it was anyone's guess who was going to prevail, with Israel and Malta locked in battle on the same points total (or so the scoreboard said - in fact, Spain's vote had been wrongly tallied and Malta was really one point ahead), and the United Kingdom apparently nine points behind (really nine behind Malta and eight behind Israel). When FYR Macedonia came to award the decisive points, Israel were the first of the three contenders to be mentioned, receiving eight points. That was enough to knock the UK out of contention for victory, but left plenty of room for Israel to be overtaken by their principal rival. Next, the ten points went to the UK, nudging them into what looked like being an extremely fleeting spell in second place, since most of the audience assumed the twelve points were destined for Malta. Instead, there were gasps as FYR Macedonia sent the final points of the evening to fellow Balkan nation Croatia, handing Israel their first win in the contest since "Hallelujah" in 1979. Category:1998 in music Category:Eurovision Song Contest

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Dijon
Dijon est une commune française, située dans le département de la Côte-d'Or et la région Bourgogne. Ses habitants sont appelés les Dijonnais.

Géographie

1742
Catégorie:1742 Cette page concerne l'année 1742 du calendrier grégorien.

Événements

- Création des ateliers métallurgiques du Creusot.
- Début du ministère whig du comte de Wilmington, Premier ministre d'Angleterre (fin en 1743).
- Début du règne de Charles VII Albert, empereur romain